Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Todd, Erin Originator: Kylander-Clark, Andrew Originator: Wypych, Alicja Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Sicard, K.R. Publication_Date: 2017 Title: U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope, age, and trace-element data from zircons at four sites in the western Alaska Range and Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report and digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2017-2 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 7 p. Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29717 Description: Abstract: This Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) Raw Data File presents U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf isotopic compositions, age-dating results, and additional trace-elemental composition of zircons from four granitoids sampled during investigations by DGGS geologists in the western Alaska Range and the Talkeetna Mountains. The purpose of the Lu-Hf and U-Pb isotopic study was to better understand the Jurassic through early Tertiary magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Alaska Range and the significance of that magmatism for the formation of metallic mineral deposits. The U-Pb isotopic data also serve to further refine the crystallization age of plutons, which were previously ambiguous in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology studies. Purpose: This Lu-Hf and U-Pb isotopic study was implemented to better understand the Jurassic through early Tertiary magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Alaska Range and the significance of that magmatism for the formation of metallic mineral deposits. The U-Pb isotopic data also serve to further refine the crystallization age of plutons, which were previously ambiguous in 40Ar/39Ar geochronology studies. Samples were collected in conjunction with the 2013 Styx River and 2014 Talkeetna Mountains geologic mapping and mineral resource evaluation projects. Supplemental_Information: >geochron-detail: Geochronology lab files and applicable documentation. >geochron-summary: Identification numbers, coordinates, sample descriptions, and summary ages of each sample. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 2013 Ending_Date: 2017 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -153.237990 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -148.500967 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 62.739516 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 61.638433 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Theme_Keyword: Age Dates Theme_Keyword: Analyses Theme_Keyword: Analyses and Sampling Theme_Keyword: Analytical Lab Results Theme_Keyword: Analytical Results Theme_Keyword: Bedrock Theme_Keyword: Geochemistry Theme_Keyword: Geochronology Theme_Keyword: Geologic Theme_Keyword: Geology Theme_Keyword: Geophysics Theme_Keyword: Granite Theme_Keyword: Hafnium Theme_Keyword: Isotopes Theme_Keyword: Lab Methods Theme_Keyword: Lead Theme_Keyword: Lutetium Theme_Keyword: Methods Theme_Keyword: Mineralogy Theme_Keyword: Minerals Theme_Keyword: Plutonic Theme_Keyword: Plutons Theme_Keyword: Resources Theme_Keyword: Rocks Theme_Keyword: STATEMAP Project Theme_Keyword: Trace Elements Theme_Keyword: U-Pb Theme_Keyword: Uranium Theme_Keyword: Zircon Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Place_Keyword: Alaska Range Place_Keyword: Lime Hills Quadrangle Place_Keyword: Talkeetna Mountains Place_Keyword: Talkeetna Mountains Quadrangle Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Stratum_Keyword: Wrangellia Terrane Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: Walker, J.D., Geissman, J.W., Bowring, S.A, and Babcock, L.E., comp., 2012, Geologic Time Scale v. 4.0: Geological Society of America Temporal_Keyword: Cretaceous Temporal_Keyword: Jurassic Temporal_Keyword: Paleocene Temporal_Keyword: Tertiary Access_Constraints: This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below). Use_Constraints: Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5039 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Data_Set_Credit: Processing of the isotopic analyses in this report was funded through a cooperative partnership between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The Styx mineral assessment project was conducted under the Alaska Airborne Geophysical/Geological Mineral Inventory Program (AGGMI), funded by the Alaska State Legislature and managed by DGGS. The Talkeetna Mountains project was jointly funded by the State of Alaska's Strategic and Critical Minerals Assessment program (part of AGGMI) and the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, STATEMAP component, under award number G14AC00167 for 2014. We thank Jamey Jones (USGS Anchorage) and Chris Holm-Denoma (USGS Denver) for their suggestions and edits. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Benowitz, J.A. Originator: Layer, P.W. Originator: Sicard, K.R. Publication_Date: 2014 Title: 40Ar/39Ar data, Styx River map area, Lime Hills C-1 Quadrangle, Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2014-21 v. 1.0.1 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 13 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29134 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Benowitz, J.A. Originator: Layer, P.W. Originator: Twelker, Evan Publication_Date: 2014 Title: 40Ar/39Ar data from rocks collected in 2013 in the Wrangellia mineral assessment area, Gulkana, Healy, Mount Hayes, and Talkeetna Mountains quadrangles, Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2014-18 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 10 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29119 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Benowitz, J.A. Originator: Layer, P.W. Originator: Wypych, Alicja Originator: Twelker, Evan Publication_Date: 2015 Title: 40Ar/39Ar data from the Talkeetna Mountains C-4 Quadrangle and adjoining areas, central Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2015-10 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 19 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29454 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Lande, Lauren Originator: Newberry, R.J. Originator: Twelker, Evan Publication_Date: 2015 Title: A petrological model for emplacement of the ultramafic Ni-Cu-PGE Alpha complex, Eastern Interior, Alaska (poster): Geological Society of America Cordilleran Section - 111th Annual Meeting, Anchorage, Alaska, May 11-13, 2015 Series_Information: Series_Name: Poster and Presentation Issue_Identification: Lande, Lauren and others, 2015 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 1 sheet Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29480 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Sicard, K.R. Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Freeman, L.K. Originator: Bachmann, E.N. Originator: Reioux, D.A. Originator: Tuzzolino, A.L. Originator: Wright, T.C. Originator: Newberry, R.J. Originator: Burns, L.E. Originator: Werdon, M.B. Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Geologic mapping in the Styx River area, Lime Hills C-1 Quadrangle, western Alaska Range (presentation): Alaska Miners Association Annual Convention, Anchorage, Alaska, November 4-10, 2013 Series_Information: Series_Name: Poster and Presentation Issue_Identification: Sicard, K.R. and others, 2013 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 25 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/26803 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Sicard, K.R. Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Freeman, L.K. Originator: Wypych, Alicja Originator: Newberry, R.J. Originator: Benowitz, J.A. Originator: Kass, M.A. Publication_Date: 2014 Title: Cretaceous to Tertiary magmatism and associated mineralization in the Lime Hills C-1 Quadrangle, western Alaska Range (presentation): Alaska Miners Association Annual Conference, November 3-9, 2014, Anchorage, Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Poster and Presentation Issue_Identification: Sicard, K.R. and others, 2014 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 25 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29163 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Sicard, K.R. Originator: Wypych, Alicja Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Bachmann, E.N. Originator: Freeman, L.K. Originator: Newberry, R.J. Originator: Reioux, D.A. Originator: Tuzzolino, A.L. Originator: Wright, T.C. Publication_Date: 2014 Title: Major-oxide, minor-oxide, and trace-element geochemical data from rocks in the Styx River area, Lime Hills C-1 Quadrangle, Lime Hills, McGrath, Talkeetna, and Tyonek quadrangles, Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2014-6 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 4 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/27289 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Sicard, K.R. Originator: Wypych, Alicja Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Freeman, L.K. Originator: Bachmann, E.N. Originator: Reioux, D.A. Originator: Tuzzolino, A.L. Originator: Wright, T.C. Publication_Date: 2014 Title: Geochemistry and petrology of igneous rocks from the Styx River map area (presentation): Alaska Miners Association 24th Biennial Mining Conference, April 7-14, 2014, Fairbanks, Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Poster and Presentation Issue_Identification: Sicard, K.R. and others, 2014 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 36 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/27312 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Burns, L.E. Publication_Date: 2014 Title: New geochemical and geophysical data from the western Wrangellia minerals assessment area (presentation): Alaska Miners Association 24th Biennial Mining Conference, Fairbanks, Alaska April 7-13, 2014 Series_Information: Series_Name: Poster and Presentation Issue_Identification: Twelker, Evan and Burns, L.E., 2014 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 34 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/27284 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Lande, Lauren Publication_Date: 2015 Title: DGGS geological investigations in western Wrangellia (presentation): Alaska Miners Association Annual Convention, Anchorage, Alaska, November 1-5, 2015 Series_Information: Series_Name: Poster and Presentation Issue_Identification: Twelker, Evan and Lande, Lauren, 2015 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 45 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29531 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Bachmann, E.N. Originator: Freeman, L.K. Originator: Newberry, R.J. Originator: Reioux, D.A. Originator: Sicard, K.R. Originator: Tuzzolino, A.L. Originator: Wright, T.C. Originator: Wypych, Alicja Publication_Date: 2014 Title: Major-oxide, minor-oxide, and trace-element geochemical data from rocks and stream sediments in the Wrangellia mineral assessment area, Gulkana, Healy, Mount Hayes, and Talkeetna Mountains quadrangles, Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2014-3 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 6 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/27181 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Hubbard, T.D. Originator: Wypych, Alicja Originator: Sicard, K.R. Originator: Newberry, R.J. Originator: Reioux, D.A. Originator: Freeman, L.K. Originator: Lande, L.L. Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Geologic map of the Talkeetna Mountains C-4 Quadrangle and adjoining areas, central Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Preliminary Interpretive Report Issue_Identification: PIR 2015-6 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 16 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:50,000 Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29470 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Newberry, R.J. Originator: Freeman, L.K. Originator: Sicard, K.R. Originator: Reioux, D.A. Originator: Bachmann, E.N. Publication_Date: 2013 Title: DGGS geologic and mineral-resource assessment of the western Wrangellia terrane, central Alaska: Initial progress report (presentation): Alaska Miners Association Annual Convention, Anchorage, Alaska, November 4-10, 2013 Series_Information: Series_Name: Poster and Presentation Issue_Identification: Twelker, Evan and others, 2013 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 25 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/26821 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Wypych, Alicja Originator: Newberry, R.J. Publication_Date: 2014 Title: New data and insight on the Late Triassic Wrangellia magmatic Ni-Cu-Co-PGE system in the Talkeetna Mountains, central Alaska (poster): Society of Economic Geologists 2014 Conference, September 27-30, 2014 Series_Information: Series_Name: Poster and Presentation Issue_Identification: Twelker, Evan and others, 2014 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 1 sheet Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29139 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Wypych, Alicja Originator: Sicard, K.R. Originator: Newberry, R.J. Originator: Freeman, L.K. Originator: Reioux, D.A. Originator: Lande, Lauren Publication_Date: 2014 Title: Preliminary results from 2014 geologic mapping in the Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska (presentation): Alaska Miners Association Annual Convention, Anchorage, Alaska, November 3-9, 2014 Series_Information: Series_Name: Poster and Presentation Issue_Identification: Twelker, Evan and others, 2014 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 28 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29160 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Wypych, Alicja Originator: Twelker, Evan Originator: Freeman, L.K. Originator: Lande, Lauren Originator: Newberry, R.J. Originator: Reioux, D.A. Originator: Sicard, K.R. Publication_Date: 2014 Title: Major-oxide and trace-element geochemical data from rocks collected in 2014 in the Wrangellia mineral assessment area, Talkeetna Mountains C-4, C-3, and B-4 quadrangles, Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2014-22 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 4 p Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29140 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: This data set is being released in the DGGS Raw Data File series. The information has been examined by several geologists familiar with the study area, but the data and accompanying report have not been formally reviewed for technical content or for conformity to the editorial standards of DGGS. Questions regarding the accuracy of information in the data files can be best answered by the originating lab. Logical_Consistency_Report: not applicable Completeness_Report: This data release is complete. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Sample location coordinates (WGS84 datum) were obtained using handheld Trimble Juno T5 GPS units, which have a typical reported accuracy of about 10 m. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Fieldwork - Fresh, unweathered samples from bedrock outcrops were collected by DGGS field geologists. Sample location coordinates (WGS84 datum) were obtained using handheld Trimble Juno T5 GPS units, which have a typical reported accuracy of about 10 m. To avoid sending altered minerals for analysis, the zircon separates were further checked using binocular and optical microscopes. Process_Date: 2014 Process_Step: Process_Description: Data analysis - Hf isotopes, U-Pb ratios, and trace-element compositions for all zircons were measured simultaneously at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) by laser ablation split-stream (LASS) analysis using the Photon Machines Analyte 193 nm excimer laser. The accompanying manuscript and data tables provide a description of laboratory procedures and applicable references. Process_Date: 2015 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: point Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563000025 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: rdf2017-2-geochron-detail.csv, rdf2017-2-geochron-detail-metadata.csv Entity_Type_Definition: Geochronology lab files and applicable documentation. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: geochron-detail Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: rdf2017-2-geochron-summary.csv, rdf2017-2-geochron-summary-metadata.csv Entity_Type_Definition: Identification numbers, coordinates, sample descriptions, and summary ages of each sample. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: geochron-summary Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5039 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Resource_Description: RDF 2017-2 Distribution_Liability: The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: DGGS publications are available as free online downloads or you may purchase paper hard-copies or digital files on CD/DVD or other digital storage media by mail, phone, fax, or email from the DGGS Fairbanks office. To purchase this or other printed reports and maps, contact DGGS by phone (907-451-5020), e-mail (dggspubs@alaska.gov), or fax (907-451-5050). Payment accepted: Cash, check, money order, VISA, or MasterCard. Turnaround time is 1-2 weeks unless special arrangements are made and an express fee is paid. Shipping charge will be the actual cost of postage and will be added to the total amount due. Contact us for the exact shipping amount. Fees: Contact DGGS for current pricing Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: ASCII tabular files Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://doi.org/10.14509/29717 Fees: Free download Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20170410 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5039 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Use_Constraints: If the user has modified the data in any way they are obligated to describe the types of modifications they have performed in the supporting metadata file. User specifically agrees not to imply that changes they made were approved by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources or Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.dggs.alaska.gov/metadata/dggs.ext Profile_Name: dggs metadata extensions