Lidar-derived elevation data for Sitka, Alaska

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Frequently anticipated questions:


What does this data set describe?

Title: Lidar-derived elevation data for Sitka, Alaska
Abstract:
The State of Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) produced airborne lidar-derived elevation data for Sitka, Alaska. Airborne and ground surveys occurred between the 27th and 30th of April, 2018. These data were produced to assess bare earth slope conditions as part of an overarching, multi-hazard risk analysis for the study area, coordinated through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Cooperating Technical Partners (CTP) program. The project was initiated in response to a tragic debris flow incident that took three Alaskans' lives in 2015. This data collection is released as a Raw Data File with an open end-user license. All files can be downloaded free of charge from the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys website (http://doi.org/10.14509/30531).
Supplemental_Information:
canopy height model: The CHM displays vegetation heights as the difference between DSM and DTM heights. The CHM is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file with a ground sample distance of 0.5 meters. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038. Note: there are some negative values in the CHM, present in low confidence areas of the DSM and DTM.
classified point cloud data: Classified point cloud data is provided in this collection in compressed .laz format. An average point spacing of 0.15 meters was calculated from all returns and all non-noise classes.
digital surface model: The DSM represents human-observable surface elevations, which include vegetation, buildings, etc. The DSM is a single band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file with a ground sample distance of 0.5 meters. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038.
digital terrain model: The DTM represents elevations of the ground surface by penetrating or flattening any vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. The DTM is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file with a ground sample distance of 0.5 meters. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Daanen, R.P., Wolken, G.J., and Herbst, A.M., 2020, Lidar-derived elevation data for Sitka, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2020-13, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 11 p.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -135.427773
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -135.005119
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 57.209353
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 56.977934
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 27-Apr-2018
    Ending_Date: 30-Apr-2018
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report, point cloud, GeoTIFF
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a raster data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 3
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -165
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0
      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meters
      The horizontal datum used is North American Datum of 1983.
      The ellipsoid used is GRS 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101000025.
      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
      Altitude_System_Definition:
      Altitude_Datum_Name: NAVD88, GEOID12B
      Altitude_Resolution: 0.5
      Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
      Altitude_Encoding_Method:
      Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    canopy height model
    The CHM displays vegetation heights as the difference between DSM and DTM heights. The CHM is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file with a ground sample distance of 0.5 meters. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038. Note: there are some negative values in the CHM, present in low confidence areas of the DSM and DTM. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))
    classified point cloud data
    Classified point cloud data is provided in this collection in compressed .laz format. An average point spacing of 0.15 meters was calculated from all returns and all non-noise classes. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))
    digital surface model
    The DSM represents human-observable surface elevations, which include vegetation, buildings, etc. The DSM is a single band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file with a ground sample distance of 0.5 meters. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))
    digital terrain model
    The DTM represents elevations of the ground surface by penetrating or flattening any vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. The DTM is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file with a ground sample distance of 0.5 meters. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    Funding was provided by the State of Alaska and by National Park Service award #P17AC00903 and award #P15AC01879.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.

Why was the data set created?

These data were produced to assess bare earth slope conditions as part of an overarching, multi-hazard risk analysis for the study area, coordinated through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Cooperating Technical Partners (CTP) program. The project was initiated in response to a tragic debris flow incident that took three Alaskans' lives in 2015. This data release is one of a series of DGGS publications to present elevation data.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 30-Apr-2018 (process 1 of 3)
    Airborne survey - The lidar survey was conducted with a Riegl VUX1-LR lidar scanner with an integrated GNSS and Northrop Grumman IMU system. The integration was designed by Phoenix LiDAR systems. This survey was flown with a pulse rate between 200,000-400,000 pulses/second and at a scan rate between 80 and 150 revolutions/second. This survey was flown with an average elevation of 400 m above ground level and a ground speed of approximately 40 m/s with a fixed-wing Cessna 185 aircraft. The scan angle was set from 55 to 305 degrees, centered normal to the aircraft's bottom. The accompanying report provides additional detail regarding flight conditions.
    Date: 30-Apr-2018 (process 2 of 3)
    Ground survey - Trimble R8 and R9 RTK GPS systems were used to collect 195 survey points, 100 of which were used as control points and 95 of which were used as checkpoints. Points were gathered by vehicle along the road system and by boat along the coastline. Points were adjusted for accuracy according to OPUS corrections in Trimble Business Center.
    Date: 2019 (process 3 of 3)
    Lidar dataset processing - SDCImport software was used to apply range thresholding, reflectance thresholding, and missed-time-around (MTA) disambiguation for preliminary point cloud noise filtering. In-flight IMU and GNSS data were coupled using Inertial Explorer software to produce the trajectory data. Spatial Explorer software was used to couple the trajectory data with the point cloud. The point cloud data were calibrated using tielines for roll, pitch, and yaw of the aircraft during the survey. This process was first run using all points, then on a per-flightline basis for additional accuracy. Interswath fluctuations in ground points were identified using overlapping tielines to further calibrate the data. The point cloud was classified in accordance with American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) guidelines using project-tailored macros. Misclassified points were manually reclassified in post-processing QA/QC. The point cloud was converted from ellipsoidal to orthometric heights using geoid 12B, then uniformly adjusted to maintain a mean offset of 0 with collected ground control. Calibration, classification, and height adjustments were all executed in TerraSolid. Derived products were processed in ArcMap. DTM and DSM were produced using point triangulation with nearest-neighbor interpolation. The DTM was derived from all returns for ground classified points, while the DSM used first returns for all non-noise classes. The CHM was created by subtracting DTM height values from DSM height values. A lidar intensity image was created from first returns of all classes using mean binning.
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Stevens, D.S.P., Wolken, G.J., Hubbard, T.D., and Hendricks, K.A., 2018, Landslides in Alaska: Information Circular IC 65, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 2 p

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Not applicable
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Horizontal accuracy was not measured for this collection.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    One hundred ground control points were used to determine a -0.015 m average offset from the point cloud, which was corrected with a uniform z-transformation of the lidar data. Point cloud accuracy was measured using 95 checkpoints to determine a root-mean-square error of 0.063 m for the project. The accompanying report provides a table of ground control measurements and summary statistics.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This data release is complete. Weather was partially cloudy throughout the survey, at times obscuring higher altitude topography in the study area. These conditions limited data coverage to areas below 980 meters elevation.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Relative accuracy for this dataset has been evaluated as the interswath consistency, measured by comparing tie line points within swath overlap areas. The interswath root-mean-square error was calculated to be 0.008 m.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? RDF 2020-13
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 02-Dec-2020
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Attn: Simone Montayne
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:

Generated by mp version 2.9.50 on Tue Dec 01 19:23:50 2020