Photogrammetry-derived historical orthoimagery for Homer, Alaska from 1951, 1952, 1964, and 1985

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Frequently anticipated questions:


What does this data set describe?

Title:
Photogrammetry-derived historical orthoimagery for Homer, Alaska from 1951, 1952, 1964, and 1985
Abstract:
The State of Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) used Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to produce orthoimagery for the City of Homer and surrounding areas from 1951, 1952, 1964, and 1985 imagery. The orthometrically corrected imagery are for assessing coastal hazards and changes. The original photographs were collected by the U.S. Air Force (1951 and 1952), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM; 1964), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA; 1985). Data were processed using Agisoft Metashape software. These products are released as a Raw Data File with an open end-user license. All files can be downloaded from the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys website (http://doi.org/10.14509/30824).
Supplemental_Information:
orthoimagery:    The orthoimagery is a single-band (for BW) or three-band (for CIR), 16-bit unsigned GeoTIFF file. The ground sample distance (GSD) varies per collection. The "No Data" value is set to 256.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Buzard, R.M., 2021, Photogrammetry-derived historical orthoimagery for Homer, Alaska from 1951, 1952, 1964, and 1985: Raw Data File RDF 2021-21, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 10 p.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -151.734421
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -151.365258
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.695274
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.598342
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 1951
    Ending_Date: 2021
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: orthoimage
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a raster data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 5
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -153
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0
      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meters
      The horizontal datum used is NAD83 (2011).
      The ellipsoid used is GRS 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101000025.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    orthoimagery
    The orthoimagery is a single-band (for BW) or three-band (for CIR), 16-bit unsigned GeoTIFF file. The ground sample distance (GSD) varies per collection. The "No Data" value is set to 256. (Source: DGGS)

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provided funding through a Cooperative Agreement to the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys for the completion of this raw data file under grant number EMS-2019-CA-00022-R05. We thank FEMA Cooperating Technical Partners, the City of Homer, and the Homer Planning Commission for supporting this work. The source photos for historical aerial imagery were collected by the U.S. Air Force, BLM, and NASA. The image scans are provided by the USGS. We thank these organizations for these data collection and accessibility efforts. We also thank The Geographic Information Network of Alaska, GeoNorth, and the Alaska Geospatial Council for hosting and maintaining the best data layer, our control image. Finally, we thank the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and NOAA Office for Coastal Management for the collection and distribution of very high resolution orthoimagery and topobathymetry in 2019 through the Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.

Why was the data set created?

The orthometrically corrected imagery are for assessing coastal hazards and changes near Homer, Alaska.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2021 (process 1 of 2)
    Aerial photogrammetric survey - Various agencies collected aerial photographs intended for photogrammetric applications. Each photo set was collected using a 9 X 9 in (229 X 229 mm) frame lens camera pointed nadir (vertical towards the ground). The collectors maintained flight lines and altitude to allow sufficient overlap (greater than or equal to 60 percent) for photogrammetry. Photos have fiducial marks. The photos were scanned to digital images with 1,000 pixels-per-inch resolution. Panchromatic photos (black and white [BW]) were scanned with one 8-bit band. Color-infrared photos (CIR, sometimes called 'false color') were scanned with three 8-bit color bands in red, green, and blue (RGB). The resulting RGB image bands are roughly equal to infrared, red, and green, respectively. The scanned images are hosted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at www.earthexplorer.gov. Overall, the photos are in adequate condition to process using structure-from-motion (SFM) techniques. The photos have less than 10 percent cloud cover. Some photos in the 1951 and 1952 collections have tears that are repaired with clear tape. The water and forests in the 1964 photos are much darker than previous BW collections. These factors reduced image matching options but did not impede orthomosaic creation. The CIR film experienced degradation before being scanned, causing the images to have a blue tint. Further discussion of the source data is available in the accompanying report.
    Date: 2021 (process 2 of 2)
    Photogrammetric dataset processing - Images were processed in Agisoft Metashape Professional software (version 1.6.3 build 10732). The images do not have high-precision camera/aircraft attitude or coordinate data common to modern aerial surveys. We identified the fiducial marks and input frame camera dimensions (size and focal length). The cameras are considered precalibrated. We masked out areas that hinder the SFM process, including the black photo border, text stamped on the photo, and large water bodies, especially with waves and sun glint. We did not use ground control points for the SFM process. After the initial alignment, we removed statistical outliers and artifacts from the sparse point cloud that are often found in water bodies and near study site borders. We optimized the bundle block adjustment, created the dense point cloud, and removed artifacts as needed near the coastline. The dense cloud was converted to triangular irregular network geometry, which was used to orthorectify and mosaic the imagery. These methods produced orthorectified imagery with no spatial coordinates. We georeferenced (first order: shift, scale, and rotate) each orthoimage to the Best Data Layer (BDL) in ArcMap (Alaska Geospatial Council, 2021). Georeferencing was prioritized only in the study area. Initially, we selected images beyond the study area because there is always insufficient sidelap at survey boundaries. At this stage we clipped the orthoimages to the study area. Our coastal hazard study required only one image set from the early 1950s. The 1951 collection has greater contrast and focus at the coastline than the 1952 collection. However, the 1951 collection did not cover the Homer Spit or Kachemak Drive region. We used the 1952 image where the 1951 image has no coverage.
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Salisbury, J.B., Daanen, R.P., and Herbst, A.M., 2021, Lidar-derived elevation models for Homer, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2021-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 6 p
    Stevens, D.S.P., 2019, The Engineering Geology section at DGGS: Information Circular IC 76, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 2 p
    Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., and Salisbury, J.B., 2019, Updated tsunami inundation maps for Homer and Seldovia, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2018-5 v. 2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 97 p., 11 sheets

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Not applicable
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    We calculated horizontal accuracy of orthoimagery by comparing the locations of checkpoints: photo-identifiable objects or landmarks that did not change between the image acquisition date and the control image (BDL). This method quantifies the error of comparisons between images, but the BDL itself has horizontal error. Therefore, we report two errors: the total relative error and the total absolute error. The total relative error is the root-mean-square (RMS) error of the X and Y offsets between the orthoimage and the BDL. This represents the accuracy of the orthoimage relative to the BDL. The total absolute error is the root sum of squares (RSS) error of the orthoimage RMS error and the control RMS error. This represents the accuracy of each orthoimage relative to the coordinate system. For example, one might find the edge of a building between the orthoimage and BDL is offset by 1 m (relative error), but the BDL coordinate of that edge is 2 m from the coordinate measured with survey-grade GPS equipment (absolute error). We calculated the BDL error using horizontal offsets to the 2019 image collection by Office for Coastal Management Partners (2021). The 2019 image only covers the coastline from the Homer Spit to Diamond Creek, so it could not be used as the control image. Using ground control points from the PPK-GNSS survey, we calculated a total absolute error of 0.09 m (n = 3) for the 2019 image. We compared checkpoints between the BDL and 2019 orthoimage to find a relative error of 1.26 m (n = 20). The total absolute error of the BDL (RSS of the relative error and 2019 total absolute error) was 1.27 m. See the appendix for tables of checkpoint comparisons.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This data release is complete.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    The orthoimagery data have been visually inspected for errors such as shifts, seamline mismatches, and water noise overlapping land. The coastal bluffs were priority areas for correcting these errors. Other areas, even coastal areas like Homer Spit, were not prioritized but some corrections were made. Some issues may be inherent to the source imagery (like clear tape on tears in the photo). The SfM method often introduces artifacts, especially near water bodies, forests, and high-angle features like buildings and bluffs. We recommend accounting for this and determining an appropriate additional error value if delineating the instantaneous water line on these images. If artifacts from the orthorectification process obfuscate an area of interest, consider downloading the original imagery from www.earthexplorer.gov. Keep in mind image limitations and common sources of confusion when examining and comparing imagery. For example, some images have greater sensitivity to bright features like roads and the brightness bleeds to neighboring pixels, causing these features to appear larger than they are. When toggling between images, the difference in brightness and shadow angle between image sets can cause illusions that the images are not aligned properly.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? RDF 2021-21
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 22-Dec-2021
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Attn: Simone Montayne
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:

Generated by mp version 2.9.50 on Tue Dec 21 15:42:19 2021