Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Zechmann, J.M. Originator: Herbst, A.M. Originator: Buzard, R.M. Publication_Date: 2023 Title: Lidar-derived elevation data for Kwigillingok, Southwest Alaska, collected August 18, 2021 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: data Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2023-19 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 8 p. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/31035 Description: Abstract: Lidar-derived elevation data for Kwigillingok, Southwest Alaska, collected August 18, 2021, Raw Data File 2023-19, provides aerial lidar derived classified point cloud, digital surface model (DSM), digital terrain model (DTM), and intensity model of Kwigillingok, Southwest Alaska (cover figure) during leaf-on ground conditions. The survey provides snow-free surface elevation data for assessing coastal erosion and flooding hazards. Ground control data and aerial lidar data were collected on August 18, 2021, and subsequently processed using a suite of geospatial processing software. This data collection is released as a Raw Data File with an open end-user license. All files can be downloaded from the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys website (http://doi.org/10.14509/31035). Purpose: The survey provides snow-free surface elevation data for assessing coastal erosion and flooding hazards. Supplemental_Information: >boundaries: A boundary, also known as an Area of Interest (AOI) or border, that defines the area covered by the data. >classified_points: Classified point cloud data are provided in compressed LAZ format. Data are classified following ASPRS 2019 guidelines and contain return and intensity information. The average ground point spacing is 37.6 cm, and the average density is 7.09 pts/m2. >dsm: The DSM represents surface elevations, including heights of vegetation, buildings, powerlines, etc. The DSM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-centimeter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38 (32-bit, floating-point minimum). >dtm: The DTM represents bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. The DTM is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file of 50-centimeter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. >lidar_intensity: The lidar intensity image depicts the relative amplitude of reflected signals contributing to the point cloud. Lidar intensity is primarily a function of scanned object reflectance in relation to the signal frequency, is dependent on ambient conditions, and is not necessarily consistent between separate scans. The intensity image is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file of 1-meter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20210818 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -163.202232 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -163.105069 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.899162 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.835677 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Theme_Keyword: DGGS Theme_Keyword: Digital Elevation Model Theme_Keyword: Digital Surface Model (DSM) Theme_Keyword: Digital Terrain Model Theme_Keyword: Elevation Theme_Keyword: Emergency Preparedness Theme_Keyword: Engineering Theme_Keyword: Engineering Geology Theme_Keyword: Erosion Theme_Keyword: Geologic Theme_Keyword: Geologic Hazards Theme_Keyword: Geological Process Theme_Keyword: Geology Theme_Keyword: Geomorphology Theme_Keyword: Geotechnical Theme_Keyword: Hazards Theme_Keyword: LiDAR Theme_Keyword: LiDAR Intensity Image Theme_Keyword: LiDAR LAS File Format Theme_Keyword: Point Cloud Data Theme_Keyword: Raster Image Theme_Keyword: Remote Sensing Theme_Keyword: Surface Theme_Keyword: Surficial Theme_Keyword: Surficial Geology Theme_Keyword: Topography Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Place_Keyword: Kwigillingok Place_Keyword: Kwigillingok River Access_Constraints: This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below). Use_Constraints: Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Contact_Instructions: Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible. Data_Set_Credit: This survey area is on the traditional homelands of the Yup'ik people. These data products were funded by the National Coastal Resilience Fund and collected and processed by DGGS. We thank Clearwater Air for their aviation expertise and contribution to these data products. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Buzard, R.M. Originator: Turner, M.M. Originator: Miller, K.Y. Originator: Antrobus, D.C. Originator: Overbeck, J.R. Publication_Date: 2021 Title: Erosion exposure assessment of infrastructure in Alaska coastal communities Series_Information: Series_Name: Report of Investigation Issue_Identification: RI 2021-3 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 29 p Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/30672 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Horen, K.C. Originator: Buzard, R.M. Originator: Overbeck, J.R. Originator: Poisson, A.C. Originator: Siemsen, Z.J. Publication_Date: 2023 Title: Single-beam bathymetric data near Kwigillingok, Alaska, collected June 18-19, 2022 Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2023-7 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 9 p Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/31005 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Not applicable Logical_Consistency_Report: This is a full-release dataset. There was no over-collect except for aircraft turns that were eliminated from the dataset. The data quality is consistent throughout the survey. Completeness_Report: This data relaease is complete. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: We did not measure horizontal accuracy for this collection. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: We measured a mean offset of -22.3 cm between 58 control points and the point cloud. We reduced this offset to -5.5 cm by performing a vertical transformation of the lidar point data. We used six checkpoints to determine the non-vegetated vertical accuracy (NVA) of the point cloud ground class using a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) approach. We calculated the project NVA to have a root mean square error (RMSE) of 7.2 cm. We evaluated the relative accuracy for this dataset as the interswath overlap consistency and measured it at 6.1 cm RMSE. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Ground survey - We collected ground control and checkpoints on August 18, 2021. We deployed a Trimble R10 GNSS receiver with Zephyr-2 antenna at a benchmark near the Kwigillingok Airport. It provided a base station occupation and real-time kinematic (RTK) corrections to points we surveyed with a rover Trimble R8 GNSS receiver (internal antenna). We collected 58 ground control and checkpoints to use for calibration and to assess the vertical accuracy of the point cloud. All points were collected on bare earth surfaces. We processed and delivered all data in NAD83 (2011) UTM3N and vertical datum NAVD88 GEOID12B. Process_Date: 20210818 Process_Step: Process_Description: Aerial photogrammetric survey - DGGS used a Riegl VUX1-LR laser scanner integrated with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and Northrop Grumman LN-200C inertial measurement unit (IMU). The lidar integration system was designed by Phoenix LiDAR Systems. The sensor can collect up to 820,000 points per second at a range of up to 150 m. The scanner operated with a pulse refresh rate of 400,000 pulses per second at a scan rate of 200 lines per second. We used a Cessna 180 fixed-wing platform to survey from an elevation of ~200 m above ground level, at a ground speed of ~40 m/s, and with a scan angle set from 80 to 280 degrees. The total survey area covers ~21 km2. We flew the aerial survey on August 18, 2021, departing at 5:20 pm from Kwigillingok, Alaska Airport, and landing back at Kwigillingok at 6:10 pm. The weather throughout the survey was clear with no wind. Process_Date: 20210818 Process_Step: Process_Description: Lidar dataset processing - We processed point data in SDCimport software for initial filtering and multiple-time-around (MTA) disambiguation. MTA errors, corrected in this process, result from ambiguous interpretations of received pulse time intervals and occur more frequently with higher pulse refresh rates. We processed IMU and GNSS data in Inertial Explorer, and we used Spatial Explorer software to integrate flightline information with the point cloud. We calibrated the point data at an incrementally precise scale of sensor movement and behavior, incorporating sensor velocity, roll, pitch, and yaw fluctuations throughout the survey. We created macros in Terrasolid software and classified points following American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) 2019 guidelines. Once classified, we applied a geometric transformation and converted the points from ellipsoidal heights to GEOID12B (Alaska) orthometric heights. We used ArcGIS Pro to derive raster products from the point cloud. The DSM was interpolated from maximum return values from the ground, vegetation, bridge deck, and building classes using a binning method. The DTM was interpolated from all ground class returns also using a binning method and minimum values. In ArcGIS Pro, we produced an intensity image by binning and averaging ground, vegetation, building, and bridge deck classes. Process_Date: 2022 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: raster Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 3 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -165 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: .00000001 Ordinate_Resolution: .00000001 Planar_Distance_Units: Meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: NAD83 (2011) Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: NAVD88, GEOID12B Altitude_Resolution: 0.001 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: boundaries Entity_Type_Definition: A boundary, also known as an Area of Interest (AOI) or border, that defines the area covered by the data. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: boundaries Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: classified_points Entity_Type_Definition: Classified point cloud data are provided in compressed LAZ format. Data are classified following ASPRS 2019 guidelines and contain return and intensity information. The average ground point spacing is 37.6 cm, and the average density is 7.09 pts/m2. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: classified_points Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: dsm Entity_Type_Definition: The DSM represents surface elevations, including heights of vegetation, buildings, powerlines, etc. The DSM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-centimeter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38 (32-bit, floating-point minimum). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: dsm Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: dtm Entity_Type_Definition: The DTM represents bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. The DTM is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file of 50-centimeter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: dtm Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: lidar_intensity Entity_Type_Definition: The lidar intensity image depicts the relative amplitude of reflected signals contributing to the point cloud. Lidar intensity is primarily a function of scanned object reflectance in relation to the signal frequency, is dependent on ambient conditions, and is not necessarily consistent between separate scans. The intensity image is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file of 1-meter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: lidar_intensity Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Contact_Instructions: Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible. Resource_Description: RDF 2023-19 Distribution_Liability: The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: DGGS publications are available as free online downloads or you may purchase paper hard-copies or digital files on CD/DVD or other digital storage media by mail, phone, fax, or email from the DGGS Fairbanks office. To purchase this or other printed reports and maps, contact DGGS by phone (907-451-5020), e-mail (dggspubs@alaska.gov), or fax (907-451-5050). Payment accepted: Cash, check, money order, VISA, or MasterCard. Turnaround time is 1-2 weeks unless special arrangements are made and an express fee is paid. Shipping charge will be the actual cost of postage and will be added to the total amount due. Contact us for the exact shipping amount. Fees: Contact DGGS for current pricing Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: data Format_Version_Date: 20231213 Format_Information_Content: boundaries, classified points, dsm, dtm and lidar intensity Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.14509/31035 Fees: Free download Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20231213 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Person: Simone Montayne Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Use_Constraints: If the user has modified the data in any way they are obligated to describe the types of modifications they have performed in the supporting metadata file. User specifically agrees not to imply that changes they made were approved by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources or Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: https://dggs.alaska.gov/metadata/dggs.ext Profile_Name: dggs metadata extensions