hypothetical-composite-line: Estimated, "maximum credible scenario" inundation line that encompasses the maximum extent of flooding based on model simulation of all credible source scenarios and historical observations. The "maximum credible scenario" inundation line becomes a basis for local tsunami hazard planning and development of evacuation maps. tectonic-scenario-01: Inundation line derived from modeled repeat of 1964 event: 17 sub faults. tectonic-scenario-02: Inundation line derived from modified 1964 event: one fault with uniform slip. tectonic-scenario-03: Inundation line derived from modified 1964 event: Kodiak asperity only, eight sub faults tectonic-scenario-04: Inundation line derived from modified 1964 event: Kodiak asperity only, uniform slip. tectonic-scenario-05: Inundation line derived from hypothetical event: 1938 rupture plus Shumagin gap. tectonic-scenario-06: Inundation line derived from hypothetical event: Narrow Cape fault. tectonic-scenario-07: Inundation line derived from hypothetical event: Cascadia subduction zone rupture. time-history-points: Location points which correspond to maximum velocity values listed in Table 5 of the text report. border: rectangular outline of the study area.
Suleimani, E.N., Hansen, R.A., Combellick, R.A., and Carver, G.A., 2002, Tsunami hazard maps of the Kodiak area, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2002-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
This is a vector data set.
Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.000001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.000001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in decimal degrees.
The horizontal datum used is North American Datum of 1927.
The ellipsoid used is North American Datum of 1927.
The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378206.4.
The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/294.9786982.
| Range of values | |
|---|---|
| Minimum: | 1 |
| Maximum: | 9 |
This project was supported in part by the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program through NOAA grant NA67RJ0147, by the Alaska Department of Military and Veteran Affairs (grant RSA-0991007), and by Alaska Science and Technology Foundation (grant ASTF-971002). The authors wish to thank Dr. Fumihiko Imamura for the Fortran code of the Okada algorithm he kindly provided. We also thank Frank Gonzalez, Prof. Zygmunt Kowalik, and Howard Weston for their thoughtful reviews of the draft manuscript and maps. For a complete list of data sources for the bathymetric and topographic grids, see the ACKNOWLEDGMENTS section of the report.
(907)451-5020 (voice)
dggsgis@alaska.gov
Large seismic events occurring in the vicinity of the Alaska Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, and Gulf of Alaska have a very high potential for generating both local and Pacific-wide tsunamis. Saving lives and property depends on how well a community is prepared, which makes it essential to estimate the potential flooding of the coastal zone in the case of a local or distant tsunami. The Alaska Tsunami Mapping Team (ATMT) participates in the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) by evaluating and mapping potential inundation of selected parts of the Alaska coastline using numerical modeling of tsunami wave dynamics. The communities are selected for inundation modeling in coordination with the Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management (DHSEM) with consideration for location, infrastructure, availability and quality of bathymetric and topographic data, and community involvement. The tsunami inundation maps described in the associated manuscript represent the results of the continuous effort of state and federal agencies to produce inundation maps for many Alaska coastal communities.
Kowalik, Z., and Murty, T.S., 1993, Numerical simulation of two-dimensional tsunami runup: Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences v.16, Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Murty, T.S., 1984, Storm surges - meteorological ocean tides: Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences v.212, National Research Council of Canada, Canada.
Reid, R.O, and Bodine, B.R., 1968, Numerical model for storm surges in Galveston Bay: Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division v.94, no. WWI, National American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
Troshina, E.N., 1996, Tsunami waves generated by Mt. St. Augustine volcano, Alaska: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK.
Kachadoorian, Reuben, and Plafker, George, 1967, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 on the communities of Kodiak and nearby islands: Professional Paper P 542-F, U.S. Geological Survey, United States.Online Links:
Wilson, B.W., and Torum, Alf, 1964, The tsunami of the Alaskan earthquake 1964; engineering evaluation: Technical Memorandum No. 25, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Belvoir, VA.
Okada, Yoshimitsu, 1985, Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Vol. 75, Issue 4, Seismological Society of America, Berkeley, CA.
Johnson, J.M., Satake, Kenji, Holdahl, S.R., and Sauber, Jeanne, 1996, The 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake-Joint inversion of tsunami waveforms and geodetic data: Journal of Geophysical Research v. 101, no. B1, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States.
Data sources used in this process:
Data sources used in this process:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, R.A., 2011, Tsunami inundation maps of Whittier and western Passage Canal, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2011-7, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., Haeussler, P.J., Ryan, H.F., Koehler, R.D., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, R.A., 2013, Tsunami inundation maps of Port Valdez, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2013-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Combellick, R.A., Marriott, D., Hansen, R.A., Venturato, A.J., and Newman, J.C., 2005, Tsunami hazard maps of the Homer and Seldovia areas, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2005-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., West, D.A., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, R.A., 2010, Tsunami inundation maps of Seward and northern Resurrection Bay, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2010-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., and Koehler, R.D., 2013, Tsunami inundation maps of Sitka, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2013-3, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
The presented maps have been completed using the best information available and are believed to be accurate; however, their preparation required many assumptions. We have considered several tsunami scenarios and have provided an estimate of maximum credible tsunami inundation. Actual conditions during a tsunami event may vary from those considered, so the accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The limits of inundation shown should only be used as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual areas inundated will depend on specifics of earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and may differ from areas shown on the map. The information on this map is intended to permit state and local agencies to plan emergency evacuation and tsunami response actions in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for land-use regulation. Users should review the accompanying report, particularly the SOURCES OF ERROR section, for a detailed discussion of limitations of the methods used to generate the various inundation models.
The computational grid was based on digital elevation models (DEMs) obtained from various agencies. The highest level of horizontal resolution of the grid used for inundation modeling is about 20 m relative to the grid spacing. The 20 m resolution is high enough to describe major relief features, but small topographic features, buildings, and other facilities cannot be accurately resolved by the existing model. The associated manuscript provides additional information about the numerical model and underlying grids.
The vertical accuracy of the inundation modeling is dependent on the accuracy and resolution of the digital elevation models (DEMs) and tidal datum values that were used to compile the computational grid. Prior to scenario modeling, bathymetric data were shifted to use Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) as the vertical datum. The depths of inundation shown should be used only as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual inundation water depth will depend on specifics of the earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and they may differ from areas shown by this data.
The dataset contains calculated tsunami inundation limits for tectonic source scenarios. However, tsunamis caused by underwater slope failures are also a significant hazard in the fjords of coastal Alaska and other high-latitude fjord coastlines. We did not quantify this category of landslide tsunami hazard in the current report due to poor constraints on the parameters of potential slides, such as locations, volumes, and geotechnical properties.
Inundation lines are visually inspected using GIS software for identification of anomalous elevations or data inconsistencies. See text report for detailed explanation of the tests used to determine the fidelity among the various data sources that were used to generate this dataset.
Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
- Access_Constraints:
- This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
- Use_Constraints:
- This dataset includes results of numerical modeling of earthquake-generated tsunami waves for a specific community. Modeling was completed using the best information and tsunami modeling software available at the time of analysis. They are numerical solutions and, while they are believed to be accurate, their ultimate accuracy during an actual tsunami will depend on the specifics of earth deformations, on-land construction, tide level, and other parameters at the time of the tsunami. Actual areas of inundation may differ from areas shown in this dataset. Landslide tsunami sources may not be included in the modeling due to unknown potential impact of such events on a given community; please refer to accompanying report for more information on tsunami sources used for this study. The limits of inundation shown should only be used as a general guideline for emergency planning and response action in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for any other use, including land-use regulation or actuarial purposes. Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov
RI 2002-1
The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
DGGS publications are available as free online downloads or you may purchase paper hard-copies or digital files on CD/DVD or other digital storage media by mail, phone, fax, or email from the DGGS Fairbanks office. To purchase this or other printed reports and maps, contact DGGS by phone (907-451-5020), e-mail (dggspubs@alaska.gov), or fax (907-451-5050). Payment accepted: Cash, check, money order, VISA, or MasterCard. Turnaround time is 1-2 weeks unless special arrangements are made and an express fee is paid. Shipping charge will be the actual cost of postage and will be added to the total amount due. Contact us for the exact shipping amount.
| Data format: | Vector data shapefile |
|---|---|
| Network links: |
<http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/2860> |
(907)451-5020 (voice)