max-flow-depth: Raster image depicting maximum composite flow depths over dry land. hypothetical-composite-line: Estimated, "maximum credible scenario" inundation line that encompasses the maximum extent of flooding based on model simulation of all credible source scenarios and historical observations. The "maximum credible scenario" inundation line becomes a basis for local tsunami hazard planning and development of evacuation maps. observed-1964-inundation: Maximum observed tsunami runup in downtown Seward and at the head of Resurrection Bay in 1964 tectonic-scenario-01: Scenario 1. Repeat of the 1964 event: Source function based on the coseismic deformation model (SDM) by Suito and Freymueller (2009) tectonic-scenario-02: Scenario 2. Modified 1964 event: Prince William Sound asperity of the SDM tectonic-scenario-03: Scenario 3. Modified 1964 event: Kodiak asperity of the SDM tectonic-scenario-04: Scenario 4. Hypothetical event: Rupture of the Pamplona zone between the Yakutat block and the North American plate landslide-scenario-05: Scenario 5. Waves generated by three major underwater slide complexes of the 1964 earthquake - Seward downtown slide, Lowell Point slide, and Fourth of July slide landslide-scenario-06: Scenario 6. Hypothetical event: Simultaneous underwater slope failures at four locations where sediment accumulated since 1964 landslide-scenario-07: Scenario 7. Hypothetical event: Simultaneous underwater slope failures at four locations where sediment accumulated since 1964, with added sediment volumes
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., West, D.A., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, R.A., 2010, Tsunami inundation maps of Seward and northern Resurrection Bay, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2010-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
This is a vector data set.
The horizontal datum used is World Geodetic System of 1984.
The ellipsoid used is World Geodetic System of 1984.
The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257223563.
This project was supported by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration grants 27-014d and 06-028a through Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research. Numerical calculations for this work were supported by a grant of High Performance Computing (HPC) resources from the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center (ARSC) at the University of Alaska Fairbanks as part of the U.S. Department of Defense HPC Modernization Program. We thank Dr. Robert C. Witter and Dr. Aggeliki Barberopoulou for their thoughtful reviews of the draft manuscript and maps.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate tsunami hazard for the community of Seward and northern Resurrection Bay area, Alaska. This report will provide guidance to local emergency managers in tsunami hazard assessment. We used a numerical modeling method to estimate the extent of inundation by tsunami waves generated from earthquake and landslide sources. Our tsunami scenarios included a repeat of the tsunami of the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake, as well as tsunami waves generated by two hypothetical Yakataga Gap earthquakes in northeastern Gulf of Alaska, hypothetical earthquakes in Prince William Sound and Kodiak asperities of the 1964 rupture, and local underwater landslides in Resurrection Bay. Results of numerical modeling combined with historical observations in the region are intended to help local emergency officials with evacuation planning and public education for reducing future tsunami risk.
Labay, K.A., and Haeussler, P.J., 2008, Combined high-resolution LIDAR topography and multibeam bathymetry for northern Resurrection Bay, Seward, Alaska: Data Series DS 374, U.S. Geological Survey, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J, Suleimani, E.N, and Hansen, R.A, 2011, Validation and verification of a numerical model for tsunami propagation and runup: Pure and Applied Geophysics v. 168, Birkhauser Geoscience, Switzerland.
Suito, Hisashi, and Freymueller, J.T, 2010, A viscoelastic and afterslip postseismic deformation model for the 1964 Alaska earthquake: Journal of Geophysical Research v. 114, no. B11, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States.
Suleimani, E.N., Haeussler, P.J., and Hansen, R.A., 2009, Numerical study of tsunami generated by multiple submarine slope failures in Resurrection Bay, Alaska, during the M9.2 1964 earthquake: Pure and Applied Geophysics v. 166, Birkhauser Geoscience, Switzerland.
Lemke, R.W., 1967, Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964, at Seward, Alaska: Professional Paper P 542-E, U.S. Geological Survey, United States.Online Links:
Data sources used in this process:
Data sources used in this process:
Data sources used in this process:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, R.A., 2011, Tsunami inundation maps of Whittier and western Passage Canal, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2011-7, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., Haeussler, P.J., Ryan, H.F., Koehler, R.D., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, R.A., 2013, Tsunami inundation maps of Port Valdez, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2013-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Combellick, R.A., Marriott, D., Hansen, R.A., Venturato, A.J., and Newman, J.C., 2005, Tsunami hazard maps of the Homer and Seldovia areas, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2005-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Hansen, R.A., Combellick, R.A., and Carver, G.A., 2002, Tsunami hazard maps of the Kodiak area, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2002-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., and Koehler, R.D., 2013, Tsunami inundation maps of Sitka, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2013-3, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
The extent of inundation caused by hypothetical future tsunami waves was calculated using numerical modeling of tsunami wave propagation and runup. The final, highest resolution grid of the northern Resurrection Bay, where the inundation extent was calculated, has a spacing of 15 meters. Although the location of the inundation line has an accuracy of approximately plus or minus 15 m horizontally relative to the grid spacing, the true location accuracy is unknown, because of the complex modeling process the accuracy depends on many factors. These factors include correctness of the earthquake source model, accuracy of the bathymetric and topographic data, soil compaction in areas of unconsolidated deposits and the adequacy of the numerical model in representing the generation, propagation, and run-up of tsunami waves. Actual areas inundated will depend on specifics of earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and may differ from areas shown on the map. The limits of inundation shown should only be used as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. The information is intended to permit state and local agencies to plan emergency evacuation and tsunami response actions in the event of a major tsunamigenic event. These files are not intended for land-use regulation, property valuation, or any use other than the stated purpose. Users should review the accompanying report, particularly the Sources of Errors and Uncertainties section, for a detailed discussion of limitations of the methods used to generate the various inundation models.
The extent of tsunami inundation in Seward was calculated through numerical modeling of water waves over realistic bathymetry and topography. The input data for the tsunami model includes the combined topographic and bathymetric DEM of 15-m resolution described in the USGS Digital Data Series 374, "Combined High-Resolution LIDAR Topography and Multibeam Bathymetry for Northern Resurrection Bay, Seward, Alaska," by Keith A. Labay and Peter J. Haeussler. According to the corresponding metadata file, the horizontal accuracy of this DEM has not been tested. We conducted all model runs using bathymetric data that correspond to Mean High Water (MHW), with the exception of numerical modeling of the 1964 tsunami for the purpose of model validation. Those runs were conducted using the stage of tide at the time of the earthquake, approximately Mean Low Water.
The dataset contains tsunami inundation limits for 4 tectonic and 3 landslide source scenarios, the 1964 observed inundation limit, and the composite maximum extent of inundation. The inundation limits are results of numerical modeling of tsunami waves with the use of shallow water equations. We conducted all hypothetical model runs using bathymetric data that correspond to Mean High Water so that the resulting maximum inundation line represents a maximum credible scenario of tsunami occurrence at high tide. The model does not take into account the periodical change of sea level due to tides, but it does include the effect of local uplift or subsidence during the earthquake. The data used to calculate the potential extent of tsunami inundation includes: high-resolution topography and bathymetry of Resurrection Bay, historic records of the 1964 inundation line at Seward, historic seismicity measurements, pre- and post-1964 bathymetry difference map of Resurrection Bay, and related tectonic geometry. The northern part of Resurrection Bay has been studied in great detail and we feel that the density of available information is sufficient to allow for confidence in our interpretations of likely extents of tsunami inundation.
Results of numerical modeling were verified by simulating historic tsunamis. Inundation lines are visually inspected using GIS software for identification of anomalous elevations or data inconsistencies. See text report for detailed explanation of the tests used to determine the fidelity among the various data sources that were used to generate this dataset.
Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
- Access_Constraints:
- This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
- Use_Constraints:
- This dataset includes results of numerical modeling of earthquake-generated tsunami waves for a specific community. Modeling was completed using the best information and tsunami modeling software available at the time of analysis. They are numerical solutions and, while they are believed to be accurate, their ultimate accuracy during an actual tsunami will depend on the specifics of earth deformations, on-land construction, tide level, and other parameters at the time of the tsunami. Actual areas of inundation may differ from areas shown in this dataset. Landslide tsunami sources may not be included in the modeling due to unknown potential impact of such events on a given community; please refer to accompanying report for more information on tsunami sources used for this study. The limits of inundation shown should only be used as a general guideline for emergency planning and response action in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for any other use, including land-use regulation or actuarial purposes. Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
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RI 2010-1
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| Data format: | Vector data shapefiles |
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| Network links: |
<http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/21001> |
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