Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Suleimani, E.N. Originator: Nicolsky, D.J. Originator: Salisbury, J.B. Publication_Date: 2022 Title: Updated tsunami inundation maps for Cordova, Alaska Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report, data Series_Information: Series_Name: Report of Investigation Issue_Identification: RI 2014-1B Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 26 p., 6 sheets Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/30868 Description: Abstract: Report of Investigation 2014-1B, Updated tsunami inundation maps for Cordova, Alaska, updates the previous tsunami hazard assessment for Cordova, Alaska, by Nicolsky and others (2014). We numerically remodel the extent of potential inundation from tsunami waves using a new, more accurate digital elevation model (DEM) that covers areas in the Copper River delta adjacent to the Cordova Municipal Airport. Results presented here are intended to provide guidance to local emergency management agencies for tsunami inundation assessment, evacuation planning, and public education to mitigate future tsunami damage. The complete report and digital data are available from the DGGS website: http://doi.org/10.14509/30868. Purpose: DGGS manages the DNR portion of the federally funded National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP). The program identifies at-risk coastal Alaska communities and provides tsunami hazard maps for hazard mitigation and emergency response training. Supplemental_Information: >max-flow-depth: Raster image depicting maximum composite flow depths over dry land. For each grid point, the pixel value provides the modeled depth of water (in meters) over previously dry land, representing the maximum depth value of all calculated tsunami scenarios. >max-inundation: Estimated, "maximum credible scenario" inundation line(s) that encompasses the maximum extent of flooding based on model simulation of all credible source scenarios and historical observations. The maximum credible scenario inundation lines are intended to be utilized as a basis for local tsunami hazard planning and development of evacuation maps. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2022 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -146.138138 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -145.354068 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.705187 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.397484 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Theme_Keyword: Active Fault Theme_Keyword: Bathymetry Theme_Keyword: Coastal Theme_Keyword: Coastal and River Theme_Keyword: Coastal and River Hazards Theme_Keyword: DGGS Theme_Keyword: Digital Elevation Model Theme_Keyword: Earthquake Theme_Keyword: Earthquake Related Hazards Theme_Keyword: Earthquake Related Slope Failure Theme_Keyword: Emergency Preparedness Theme_Keyword: Engineering Theme_Keyword: Engineering Geology Theme_Keyword: Environmental Theme_Keyword: Faulting Theme_Keyword: Faults Theme_Keyword: Flood Theme_Keyword: Geologic Theme_Keyword: Geologic Communications Theme_Keyword: Geologic Hazards Theme_Keyword: Geological Process Theme_Keyword: Geology Theme_Keyword: Geomorphology Theme_Keyword: Geophysics Theme_Keyword: Geotechnical Theme_Keyword: Hazards Theme_Keyword: Inundation Theme_Keyword: Land Subsidence Theme_Keyword: Landslide Theme_Keyword: Marine Geology Theme_Keyword: Modeling Theme_Keyword: Seismic Hazards Theme_Keyword: Seismology Theme_Keyword: Slope Theme_Keyword: Slope Instability Theme_Keyword: Slope Instability Hazards Theme_Keyword: Subsidence Theme_Keyword: Subsurface Theme_Keyword: Surface Theme_Keyword: Surface Fault Rupture Theme_Keyword: Surface Water Theme_Keyword: Surficial Theme_Keyword: Surficial Geology Theme_Keyword: Tectonics Theme_Keyword: Tides Theme_Keyword: Tsunami Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Place_Keyword: Alice Cove Place_Keyword: Big Point Place_Keyword: Bluff Point Place_Keyword: Bomb Point Place_Keyword: Boswell Bay Place_Keyword: Boulder Creek Place_Keyword: Boy Scout Island Place_Keyword: Canoe Creek Place_Keyword: Canoe Passage Place_Keyword: Canyon Creek Place_Keyword: Cedar Bay Place_Keyword: Cedar Creek Place_Keyword: Channel Islands Place_Keyword: City of Cordova Place_Keyword: Cordova Place_Keyword: Crater Lake Place_Keyword: Crystal Falls Place_Keyword: Deep Bay Place_Keyword: Deep Creek Place_Keyword: Eccles Creek Place_Keyword: Eccles Lagoon Place_Keyword: Evak Place_Keyword: Eyak Lake Place_Keyword: Eyak River Place_Keyword: Fleming Creek Place_Keyword: Fleming Spit Place_Keyword: Fox Point Place_Keyword: Glacier River Place_Keyword: Grass Island Place_Keyword: Gravel Point Place_Keyword: Gulf of Alaska Place_Keyword: Hanks Island Place_Keyword: Hartney Bay Place_Keyword: Hartney Creek Place_Keyword: Hawkins Island Place_Keyword: Hemlock Creek Place_Keyword: Heney Creek Place_Keyword: Heney Peak Place_Keyword: Heney Range Place_Keyword: Hidden Cove Place_Keyword: Hidden Creek Place_Keyword: Humpback Creek Place_Keyword: Ibeck Creek Place_Keyword: Kenny Cove Place_Keyword: Knot Point Place_Keyword: Koppen Creek Place_Keyword: Meals Lake Place_Keyword: Meals Lake Dam Place_Keyword: Milton Lake Place_Keyword: Mount Eccles Place_Keyword: Mount Eyak Place_Keyword: Mount Robert Korn Place_Keyword: Mount Shiels Place_Keyword: Mud Bay Place_Keyword: Mummy Island Place_Keyword: Nelson Bay Place_Keyword: Nicolet Creek Place_Keyword: North Island Place_Keyword: Observation Island Place_Keyword: Odiak Channel Place_Keyword: Odiak Lagoon Place_Keyword: Orca Bay Place_Keyword: Orca Channel Place_Keyword: Orca Creek Place_Keyword: Orca Inlet Place_Keyword: Pacific Ocean Place_Keyword: Parson Falls Creek Place_Keyword: Paul Creek Place_Keyword: Point Whitshed Place_Keyword: Raging Creek Place_Keyword: Robinson Falls Creek Place_Keyword: Rogue Creek Place_Keyword: Rude River Place_Keyword: Saddle Point Place_Keyword: Sahlin Creek Place_Keyword: Sahlin Falls Place_Keyword: Sahlin Lagoon Place_Keyword: Salmo Point Place_Keyword: Scout Lake Place_Keyword: Sheep Bay Place_Keyword: Sheep Point Place_Keyword: Sheep River Place_Keyword: Shepard Point Place_Keyword: Shipyard Bay Place_Keyword: Shirttail Point Place_Keyword: Simpson Bay Place_Keyword: Simpson Creek Place_Keyword: Snyder Falls Creek Place_Keyword: Snyder Mountain Place_Keyword: Spike Island Place_Keyword: Spruce Creek Place_Keyword: Strawberry Hill Place_Keyword: The Narrows Place_Keyword: Three Mile Bay Place_Keyword: Tripod Hill Place_Keyword: Wesley Falls Creek Place_Keyword: Western Channel Place_Keyword: Whiskey Cove Place_Keyword: Windy Bay Place_Keyword: Windy Creek Access_Constraints: This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below). Use_Constraints: Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Contact_Instructions: Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible. Data_Set_Credit: This report was funded by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic at Atmospheric Administration through the National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP), Award #NA21NWS4670003 to the Alaska Division of Homeland Security & Emergency Management. This does not constitute an endorsement by NOAA. Numerical calculations for this work were supported by High Performance Computing (HPC) resources at the Research Computing Systems unit at the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Newell, J.T. Originator: Maurits, S.A. Originator: Suleimani, E.N. Originator: Koehler, R.D. Originator: Nicolsky, D.J. Publication_Date: 2015 Title: Tsunami inundation maps for Alaska communities Series_Information: Series_Name: Digital Data Series Issue_Identification: DDS 10 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/29523 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Salisbury, J.B. Originator: Janssen, K.A. Publication_Date: 2022 Title: Tsunamis in Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Information Circular Issue_Identification: IC 85 v. 2 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 2 p Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/30849 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The maps showing the results of our modeling have been completed using the best information available and are believed to be accurate, however, their preparation required many assumptions. We described several scenarios and provide an estimate of maximum credible tsunami inundation. Actual conditions during a tsunami event may vary from those considered, so the accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The limits of inundation shown should be used only as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual areas inundated will depend on specifics of the earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and they may differ from areas shown on the map. The information on this map is intended to provide a basis for state and local agencies to plan emergency evacuation and tsunami response actions in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for land-use regulation or building-code development. This DGGS Report of Investigations is a final report of scientific research. Several scientists familiar with the subject matter provided technical reviews. Uncertainties associated with the depiction or interpretation of various features are discussed in the manuscript. Logical_Consistency_Report: Not applicable Completeness_Report: The results of our modeling have been completed using the best information available and are believed to be accurate; however, their preparation required many assumptions and actual conditions during a tsunami event may vary from those considered. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The hydrodynamic model used to calculate propagation and runup of tsunami waves is a nonlinear, flux-formulated, shallow-water model that has passed the validation and verification tests required for models used in production of tsunami inundation maps. The uncertainties in tsunami modeling include bottom friction, presence or absence of buildings and vegetation in DEMs, the time delay between the observed and computed tsunami arrivals discussed above, the lack of horizontal deformation in the displacement models, and assumption of instantaneous displacement. The tsunami scenarios that we calculate in this report are considered to be sufficient to capture the worst-case tsunami event, but there are still an infinite number of possible slip distributions. Further details about the limitations of the employed modeling approach are described in earlier reports by Suleimani and others and Nicolsky and others, as well as in National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program guidelines. See accompanying report for more detail. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The vertical accuracy of the inundation modeling is dependent on the accuracy and resolution of the digital elevation models (DEMs) and tidal datum values that were used to compile the computational grid. We provide additional details about DEM and grid development in the accompanying report. Prior to scenario modeling, bathymetric data were shifted to use Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) as the vertical datum. The depths of inundation shown should be used only as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual inundation water depth will depend on specifics of the earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and they may differ from areas shown by this data. The information is intended to permit state and local agencies to plan emergency evacuation and tsunami response actions in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for land-use regulation or building-code development. For additional information please reference the sources of errors and uncertainties section of the associated manuscript. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Model validation - The numerical model that we used for simulation of tsunami wave propagation and runup was validated through a set of analytical benchmarks and tested against laboratory data. The model solves water equations using a finite-difference method on a staggered grid. See the accompanying report for more detail and additional model information. Process_Date: 2014 Process_Step: Process_Description: Development of nested grids - To support inundation modeling of coastal areas in Alaska, we used a series of nested telescoping grids, or digital elevation models (DEMs), as input layers for tsunami inundation modeling and mapping. These grids of increasing resolution allowed us to propagate waves generated by various sources to Cordova. In order to propagate a wave from its source to various coastal locations, we used embedded grids, placing a large, coarse grid in deep water and coupling it with smaller, finer grids in shallow water areas. The extent of each grid used for our tsunami inundation mapping is listed in the accompanying report. Process_Date: 2020 Process_Step: Process_Description: Numerical simulations of hypothetical tsunami scenarios - We assessed hazards related to tectonic tsunamis in Cordova by performing model simulations for each hypothetical source scenario. For each tsunami scenario, we first calculate the maximum tsunami wave heights in the highest-resolution grid over the course of the entire model run in the following way: at each grid point, the tsunami wave height is computed at every time step during the tsunami propagation time and the maximum value is kept. Then we compute the composite maximum tsunami wave height from all considered scenarios by again choosing the maximum value for each grid point among all scenarios, and plot the results. Process_Date: 2022 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: vector Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: .000001 Longitude_Resolution: .000001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: WGS84 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Depth_System_Definition: Depth_Datum_Name: Mean Higher High Water Depth_Resolution: .01 Depth_Distance_Units: meter Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: ri2014-1b-max-flow-depth.tif Entity_Type_Definition: Raster image depicting maximum composite flow depths over dry land. For each grid point, the pixel value provides the modeled depth of water (in meters) over previously dry land, representing the maximum depth value of all calculated tsunami scenarios. File format: GeoTIFF Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: max-flow-depth Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: ri2014-1b-max-inundation.shp Entity_Type_Definition: Estimated, "maximum credible scenario" inundation line(s) that encompasses the maximum extent of flooding based on model simulation of all credible source scenarios and historical observations. The maximum credible scenario inundation lines are intended to be utilized as a basis for local tsunami hazard planning and development of evacuation maps. File format: shapefile Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: max-inundation Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Contact_Instructions: Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible. Resource_Description: RI 2014-1B Distribution_Liability: The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: DGGS publications are available as free online downloads or you may purchase paper hard-copies or digital files on CD/DVD or other digital storage media by mail, phone, fax, or email from the DGGS Fairbanks office. 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User specifically agrees not to imply that changes they made were approved by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources or Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: https://dggs.alaska.gov/metadata/dggs.ext Profile_Name: dggs metadata extensions