An integrated system of geologic mapping and geochemical sampling by light aircraft

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Frequently anticipated questions:


What does this data set describe?

Title:
An integrated system of geologic mapping and geochemical sampling by light aircraft
Abstract:
An integrated system of geologic mapping and geochemical sampling by light aircraft, Bulletin 1361, presents the results of reconnaissance geologic mapping and airborne geochemical sampling that were carried out in 1969 throughout parts of the Bendeleben A-4, B-3, and B-4 quadrangles and the adjacent portion of the Bendeleben 1:250,000 quadrangle on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The mapping showed that reliable 1:250,000 scale reconnaissance geologic maps could be produced rapidly and at low cost from light aircraft, with mineralized structures, gossans, and prospective areas successfully identified from the air. Airborne sampling devices recovered adequate soils, stream sediments, and rock fragments for analysis, outlining strong and moderate multimetal anomalies in several test areas and confirming the absence of anomalies in unmineralized regions. Helicopter-adapted devices allowed sampling in forested terrain and steep slopes that previously required foot traverses. Overall, the results demonstrated that combined light-aircraft and helicopter methods provided an effective and economical approach for detecting geologic features and geochemical anomalies across varied terrain on the Seward Peninsula. The dataset provides geologic, structural, stratigraphic, and geochronologic information organized according to the GeMS and AK GeMS mapping schemas. The complete report, geodatabase, and ESRI fonts and style files are available from the DGGS website: https://dggs.alaska.gov/pubs/id/6969.
Supplemental_Information:
This geodatabase is organized according to the AK GeMS mapping schema Hendricks, M.D., Macpherson, A.E., Athey, J.E., Wyatt, W.C., Montayne, Simone, Buchanan, Wes, Rivera, P.G., and Steinleitner, A.M., 2024, AK GeMS data dictionary: A description of the Alaska geologic mapping schema: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 170 v. 2, 13 p. https://doi.org/10.14509/31172. The distribution package includes ESRI fonts and style files, along with usage instructions. Further documentation of the symbology is provided by Ekberg, P.G., Hendricks, M.D., and Athey, J.E., 2021, AK GeMS symbology: A description of the AK GeMS style file: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 169, 7 p. https://doi.org/10.14509/30584
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Sainsbury, C.L., Curry, K.J., and Hamilton, J.C., 1973, An integrated system of geologic mapping and geochemical sampling by light aircraft: Bulletin B 1361, U.S. Geological Survey, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 28 p., 2 sheets
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -164.004300
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -163.179547
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 65.381507
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 65.111329
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 1969
    Ending_Date: 2026
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: geodatabase
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a vector data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 3
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -165
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0
      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meters
      The horizontal datum used is NAD27.
      The ellipsoid used is Clarke 1866.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378206.4.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/294.9786982.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    bendeleben_a4_b3_b4_part_ak_gems_db
    Geodatabase, layer files, style files, and fonts (Source: DGGS and USGS)
    bendeleben_a4_b3_b4_part_gems_db
    Geodatabase, layer files, style files, and fonts (Source: DGGS and USGS)
    bendeleben_a4_b3_b4_part_gems_geopackage
    SQLite Database file (Source: DGGS and USGS)
    bendeleben_a4_b3_b4_part_gems_shapefile
    Shapefiles and open data files (Source: DGGS and USGS)

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    Sainsbury developed the mapping techniques, prepared the geologic maps, and collected the test samples. Curry conducted replicate spectrographic analyses on duplicate sample splits, and Hamilton performed additional check analyses that helped refine the analytical results, with other analysts credited in the tables. Harry W. Smedes field checked the air-traverse geologic maps, and Daniel R. Shawe assisted Sainsbury during testing of the sand-scoop sampling devices. Robert Emmons of the Alaska State Division of Highways provided logistical support by storing fuel and supplies at his field headquarters north of Nome. All contributions are gratefully acknowledged. Kinney Engineering, LLC staff used scanned and georeferenced paper maps to digitize geologic features into an AK GeMS database. Chris Wyatt conducted quality control of this digitizing work and completed the creation of the AK GeMS database. Ally M. Steinleitner implemented final database quality control and packaging. This geologic map (or report or conversion or product, etc.) was funded by the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program under STATEMAP award number G24AC00521, 2024, and the State of Alaska General Fund. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.

Why was the data set created?

The purpose of this report was to document reconnaissance geologic mapping and airborne geochemical sampling completed in 1969 in the Bendeleben A-4, B-3, B-4, and adjacent Bendeleben 1:250,000 quadrangles on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, to support a clearer understanding of geologic conditions relevant to mineral exploration and resource evaluation in the region. The results provided new information on the distribution of geologic units, structural features, and geochemical anomalies, strengthening Alaska's ability to identify areas with mineral potential and to guide future exploration and land-management decisions.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    Ekberg, P.G. and others, 2021 (source 1 of 3)
    Ekberg, P.G., Hendricks, M.D., and Athey, J.E., 2021, AK GeMS symbology: A description of the AK GeMS style file: Miscellaneous Publication MP 169, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 7 p
    Type_of_Source_Media: paper
    Source_Contribution: GIS analysis and digital cartography
    Hendricks, M.D. and others, 2021 (source 2 of 3)
    Hendricks, M.D., Ekberg, P.G., Athey, J.E., Wyatt, W.C., Willingham, A.L., and Naibert, T.J., 2021, AK GeMS data dictionary: A description of the Alaska geologic mapping schema: Miscellaneous Publication MP 170, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 10 p
    Type_of_Source_Media: paper
    Source_Contribution: GIS analysis and digital cartography
    U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, 2020 (source 3 of 3)
    U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, 2020, GeMS (Geologic Map Schema) - A standard format for the digital publication of geologic maps: Techniques and Methods TM 11-B10, U.S. Geological Survey, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 1 p
    Type_of_Source_Media: paper
    Source_Contribution: GIS analysis and digital cartography
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 1969 (process 1 of 2)
    Geologic mapping - Reconnaissance geologic mapping was carried out using light-aircraft traverses to identify and plot geologic units, structural features, gossans, and areas of mineral potential. Mapping was supported by field checks from helicopter and ground observations. Airborne sampling devices mounted on light aircraft were used to collect soils, stream sediments, and rock fragments at intervals of 2 to 3 minutes, and prototype samplers were tested for their ability to recover material suitable for spectrographic analysis. Additional sampling was completed from helicopters to reach forested terrain, steep slopes, and stream corridors. Spectrographic analyses of duplicate and check samples were performed by multiple analysts to verify and refine geochemical results. These combined mapping and sampling procedures provided consistent geologic and geochemical coverage across the study area.
    Date: 2026 (process 2 of 2)
    Data packaging - DGGS organized and attributed the geologic and geographic features according to the AK GeMS schema, then programmatically transformed the data into four distribution formats: (1) an AK GeMS data package containing the full database and supporting files, (2) a GeMS data package converted to the USGS base standard, (3) a SQLite database file, and (4) a simplified shapefile package with shapefile representations of the data.
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Blessington, M.J., Werdon, M.B., Seitz, S.S., and Mulliken, K.M., 2016, Digital compilation of geochemical data for historical samples from occurrences of strategic and critical elements in Alaska: Part I - Rare-earth elements (REE): Raw Data File RDF 2016-11, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 4 p
    Emond, A.M., Fusso, L.A., and Incorporated, SkyTEM Canada, 2024, Seward Peninsula airborne electromagnetic survey, Kigluaik, Bendeleben, and Darby mountains, Alaska: Geophysical Report GPR 2024-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 9 p
    Newberry, R.J., 1995, An update on skarn deposits of Alaska: Public Data File PDF 95-20, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 72 p., 1 DVD
    Pinney, D.S., and Duenwald, E.S., 2001, Map of industrial minerals occurrences in Alaska: Miscellaneous Publication MP 43, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 69 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:2,500,000, 1 DVD
    Reger, R.D., Cruse, G.R., Stevens, D.S.P., and Smith, R.L., 2003, Survey of geology, geologic materials, and geologic hazards in proposed access corridors in the Bendeleben Quadrangle, Alaska: Miscellaneous Publication MP 51, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 5 sheets, scale 1:250,000
    Reioux, D.A., Werdon, M.B., Seitz, S.S., and Mulliken, K.M., 2016, Digital compilation of geochemical data for historical samples from occurrences of strategic and critical elements in Alaska: Part II - Platinum group elements (PGE): Raw Data File RDF 2016-12, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 6 p
    Robinson, M.S., and Stevens, D.L., 1984, Geologic map of the Seward Peninsula: Special Report SR 34, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 1 sheet, scale 1:500,000
    Werdon, M.B., Stevens, D.S.P., Newberry, R.J., Szumigala, D.J., Athey, J.E., and Hicks, S.A., 2005, Explanatory booklet to accompany geologic, bedrock, and surficial maps of the Big Hurrah and Council areas, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2005-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 24 p
    Werdon, M.B., Szumigala, D.J., Newberry, R.J., Athey, J.E., and Hicks, S.A., 2005, Major-oxide, minor-oxide, trace-element, geochemical, and non-carbonate carbon data from rocks collected in the Solomon, Bendeleben, and Nome quadrangles, Seward Peninsula, Alaska in 2003 and 2004: Raw Data File RDF 2005-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 46 p

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Attribute fields within each feature class are populated using the map symbology and corresponding applicable values from the GeMS and AK GeMS specifications. When known, certainty in attribute interpretation is indicated in the relevant fields. Attribute accuracy varies throughout the map and is scale-dependent.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Certainty in feature boundaries or location varies throughout the map. Data fields within each feature class and the accompanying orientation and location confidence lookup tables record the authors' degree of confidence in the location of applicable features.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This publication is a U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin (B), which present significant scientific data and interpretations of lasting value. Each Bulletin is considered complete for the scientific information it contains, and no additional chapters or companion volumes are required to understand the material presented.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    All polygon features were topologically validated according to the AK GeMS geologic mapping schema specifications.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? B 1361
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 01-Sep-2026
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Attn: Simone Montayne
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:

Generated by mp version 2.9.50 on Tue Sep 01 15:26:43 2026