Glass electron microprobe analyses methods, precision and accuracy for tephra studies in Alaska

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What does this data set describe?

Title:
Glass electron microprobe analyses methods, precision and accuracy for tephra studies in Alaska
Abstract:
Glass electron microprobe analyses methods, precision and accuracy for tephra studies in Alaska, Miscellaneous Publication 174, reports analytical conditions and secondary standard results for electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of glass in support of tephra studies in Alaska between 2018 and 2023. Long-term accuracy and precision are evaluated for our standardized method and compared between analytical sessions and instruments at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Menlo Park, California. Future versions will provide updates with secondary standard results from future analytical sessions and any changes to the analytical routine and conditions. This data is released as a Miscellaneous Publication with an open end-user license. The data are available from the DGGS website: http://doi.org/10.14509/31045.
Supplemental_Information:
Calibrants:    Name of calibration standard, matches values in Conditions table for each analyte, microprobe lab for the calibrant values, where the calibration standard was obtained, type of material, and elemental concentrations	
Conditions:    Electron microprobe beam conditions, calibration standards, spectrometer assignment, diffraction crystal assignments, analysis order, counting times, and time-dependent intensity correction flag (Y/N) for each element	
RepeatUnkns:    Microprobe session identifier to link analyses to a set of analytical conditions (usually used on multiple consecutive days)	
SecondaryStandardResults:    Categorical identification of secondary standards, secondary standard name used in analysis runs, date and time of analysis, and element weight percents	
SecondaryStandardValues:    Name of secondary standard used in analysis categorization, Y/N flag to indicate whether the standard is part of the traveling AVO standard mount, element reference values, and literature citations for standard reference values
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Loewen, M.W., Wallace, K.L., Lubbers, Jordan, Ruth, Dawn, Izbekov, P.E., Larsen, J.F., and Graham, Nathan, 2023, Glass electron microprobe analyses methods, precision and accuracy for tephra studies in Alaska: Miscellaneous Publication MP 174, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 20 p.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -178.817961
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -104.060291
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 71.277684
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 43.359849
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Calendar_Date: 2018
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: csv
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a point data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.000001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.000001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is NAD83.
      The ellipsoid used is GRS 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    Calibrants.csv, Calibrants-data-dictionary.csv
    Name of calibration standard, matches values in Conditions table for each analyte, microprobe lab for the calibrant values, where the calibration standard was obtained, type of material, and elemental concentrations (Source: AVO, this report)
    Conditions.csv, Conditions-data-dictionary.csv
    Electron microprobe beam conditions, calibration standards, spectrometer assignment, diffraction crystal assignments, analysis order, counting times, and time-dependent intensity correction flag (Y/N) for each element (Source: AVO, this report)
    RepeatUnkns.csv, RepeatUnkns-data-dictionary.csv
    Microprobe session identifier to link analyses to a set of analytical conditions (usually used on multiple consecutive days) (Source: AVO, this report)
    SecondaryStandardResults.csv, SecondaryStandardResults-data-dictionary.csv
    Categorical identification of secondary standards, secondary standard name used in analysis runs, date and time of analysis, and element weight percents (Source: AVO, this report)
    SecondaryStandardValues.csv, SecondaryStandardValues-data-dictionary.csv
    Name of secondary standard used in analysis categorization, Y/N flag to indicate whether the standard is part of the traveling AVO standard mount, element reference values, and literature citations for standard reference values (Source: AVO, this report)

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    This article has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication consistent with USGS Fundamental Science Practices (pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1367). We appreciate reviews provided by Heather Lowers and Steve Kuehn, metadata review by Simone Montayne, and editorial handling by Kristen Janssen. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.

Why was the data set created?

The goal of this standard routine, and in comparing multi-year secondary standard results, is to ensure that data for unknown sample analyses is precise and comparable. This standard will enable us to correlate tephra units from Alaskan volcanos to better understand and detect changes in composition at a volcano over time.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2022 (process 1 of 2)
    Analytical setup - We prepared a traveling mount of secondary standards that can be used on multiple instruments in different laboratories because microbeam standards or reference materials often suffer heterogeneities at small scales and between individual aliquots (chips of materials or single crystals; Jarosewich and others, 1980). Thus, we can ensure our standard analyses are directly comparable and independently verify compositions of internal lab standards. This mount includes five natural volcanic glasses: two low-silica glasses (VG-2, A-99) and three high-silica glasses (VG-568, RLS-132, KN-18). Three of these standards (VG-2, A-99, VG-568) were provided by the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History and are readily available to the analytical community. We mounted unknown tephra samples with epoxy in 25-mm-diameter rounds (hereafter called round mounts) or on commercially produced polished petrographic sections. We progressively polished round mounts with diamond grit to 1 µm and a final polish with 0.05 µm colloidal silica or 0.1 µm alumina suspension. Petrographic section preparation followed vendor protocols but typically included a final polish of 0.1 µm or finer. Our traveling standard mount was in a 25 mm-diameter round mount. Samples and calibration standards were all carbon-coated to ~22 nm thickness (indigo-blue interference on brass monitors). Analyses were performed at the UAF Advanced Instrumentation Laboratory and the USGS Electron Microprobe in Menlo Park, California. UAF analyses reported here used a JEOL JXA 8530F electron microprobe. Tephra matrix analyses were performed at 15 kV, 10 nA, and a 5 µm defocused beam. Identical beam conditions were used on the Menlo Park JEOL JXA 8530F+ electron microprobe. Calibration standards, spectrometer assignments, peak and background count times, and time-dependent intensity corrections are summarized for each analyte in Conditions and Calibrants data tables, and attempts were made to keep these values constant over all sessions. However, some variations occurred and are noted. All elements were measured on K alpha lines with linear background corrections. Data were collected and processed with Probe for EPMA software (Probe Software 2023). In UAF analyses, Na, K, and Al were measured first and corrected with a time-dependent intensity correction (TDI; Nielsen and Sigurdsson, 1981). Menlo Park analyses did not implement a TDI correction for the analyses reported here. All cations were obtained from raw intensities using the Phi-Rho-Z intensity corrections (Armstrong, 1988), while oxygen was calculated by cation stoichiometry; however, oxygen equivalent for halogens (Cl) was not used. Additional detail, results, and complete reference list can be found in the accompanying report and data tables.
    Date: 2022 (process 2 of 2)
    Analytical methods - Multiple secondary standard basalts and rhyolite glasses were run throughout all analytical sessions, and individual secondary standard point analyses are provided in the SecondaryStandardResults data file. We consider precision after normalization to 100 percent anhydrous (but including Cl), with Fe concentrations calculated as the total Fe (denoted by FeOT) and compared to normalized accepted values (SecondaryStandardValues data table) to determine accuracy. Normalization corrects many anomalously low or high totals (above or below a 100 percent total), which, through our examination, appear to affect all elements proportionally. Normalization is often necessary for analyzing unknown tephra that may be affected by secondary hydration resulting in low totals, or where analysis of thin glass on bubble walls results in low totals. Although this is less of an issue for the secondary standards presented here, we prefer to treat our secondary standards similarly to our unknowns to provide the most accurate representation of unknown analysis accuracy and precision. Our traveling secondary standard mount was incorporated into analyses as an unknown block one or more times per analytical session. It included Smithsonian standard glasses VG-2 (NMNH 111240-52), A-99 (NMNH 113498-1), VG-568 (NMNH 72854), USGS standard RLS-132, and KN-18. Four of the measured standards were part of the UAF EPMA internal standard block and had unique names BG-1 (VG-2_UAF), BG-2 (A-99_UAF), BG-3 (NMNH 113716-1), Rhyolite (VG-568_UAF), and CCNM (also known as Lipari UA5831). An internal aliquot of VG-2 was also analyzed on the USGS Menlo Park microprobe (VG-2_cal) along with an internal rhyolite (RLS-75). Accepted values for Smithsonian glasses are from Jarosewich and others (1980), except for Mg on VG-2 from Helz and others (2014), and Cl concentrations from various sources compiled on the Smithsonian NMNH website5 RLS-132 values are reported in Macdonald and others (1992). All our accepted values and their referenced sources are provided in the SecondaryStandardValues data table.
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Cameron, C.E., Crass, S.W., and Staff, AVO, 2022, Geologic Database of Information on Volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA): Digital Data Series DDS 20, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Mulliken, K.M., Schaefer, J.R., and Cameron, C.E., 2018, Geospatial distribution of tephra fall in Alaska: a geodatabase compilation of published tephra fall occurrences from the Pleistocene to the present: Miscellaneous Publication MP 164, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 46 p
    Wallace, K.L., Cameron, C.E., Waythomas, C.F., and Perreault, J.M., 2020, Major-oxide and trace-element geochemical data from the tephra collected on Veniaminof volcano, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2020-17, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 5 p
    Wallace, K.L., Hayden, L.A., and Neal, C.A., 2017, Major-element glass compositions of tephra from the circa 3.6 ka eruption of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2017-9, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 9 p
    Worden, A.K., Schaefer, J.R., and Mulliken, K.M., 2018, Tephra occurrence in Alaska: a map-based compilation of stratigraphic tephra data: Miscellaneous Publication MP 165, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 19 p

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    This data release covers analyses made between 2018 and 2023, during which an effort was made to standardize the analytical setup, although slight variations in calibration and processing did occur. Multiple secondary standard basalts and rhyolite glasses were run throughout all analytical sessions, and individual secondary standard point analyses are provided in the data file. The accompanying report and data files provide additional detail and are intended to streamline reporting by providing a detailed explanation of the methodology and to ensure that data for unknown sample analyses is precise and comparable.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Samples were collected from the Cook Inlet area and sampling locations are available via the Geological Database of Information on Volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA; Cameron and others, 2022).
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This data releaase is complete.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Not applicable

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? MP 174
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 02-Oct-2023
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Attn: Simone Montayne
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:

Generated by mp version 2.9.50 on Mon Oct 02 19:24:18 2023