Geology and geologic hazards in the Whittier area, Southcentral Alaska

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Frequently anticipated questions:


What does this data set describe?

Title:
Geology and geologic hazards in the Whittier area, Southcentral Alaska
Abstract:
Geology and geologic hazards in the Whittier area, Southcentral Alaska, Preliminary Interpretive Report 2024-10, presents mapping of surficial and bedrock geology and a general assessment of natural hazards near Whittier, Alaska. The city of Whittier, Alaska (pop. ~250), is one of only two all-weather, ice-free ports that serve the Alaska mainland via both railroad and road access. The city lies about 100 km by road southeast of Anchorage near the head of Passage Canal, a deep fjord in western Prince William Sound. The hazards assessment is in support of informed community planning, mitigation, and emergency response in and around this high-risk community and its associated critical infrastructure. Fieldwork during the mapping portion of this study was conducted during eight days on the ground in 2012. Additional time was spent over two field seasons assessing specific features related to potential hazards. Outcrops were accessed by helicopter, road, and trail. Samples were collected for petrology, geochronology, and thermochronology analyses. Bedrock geology is modified from Nelson and others (1985). Surficial geology was mapped principally by the interpretation of 1:63,360-scale, false-color, infrared stereo aerial photographs taken in 1978 and refined using airborne lidar data collected in 2012. Recent satellite imagery from the Geographic Information Network of Alaska (GINA) was also utilized. Air-photo interpretations were verified by ground observations during field work in 2012. The complete report, geodatabase, and ESRI fonts and style files are available from the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys website: http://doi.org/10.14509/31426.
Supplemental_Information:
This geodatabase is organized according to the AK GeMS mapping schema Hendricks, M.D., Macpherson, A.E., Athey, J.E., Wyatt, W.C., Montayne, Simone, Buchanan, Wes, Rivera, P.G., and Steinleitner, A.M., 2024, AK GeMS data dictionary: A description of the Alaska geologic mapping schema: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 170 v. 2, 13 p. https://doi.org/10.14509/31172. The distribution package includes ESRI fonts and style files, along with usage instructions. Further documentation of the symbology is provided by Ekberg, P.G., Hendricks, M.D., and Athey, J.E., 2021, AK GeMS symbology: A description of the AK GeMS style file: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 169, 7 p. https://doi.org/10.14509/30584
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Bull, K.F., Stevens, D.S.P., Gillis, R.J., Wolken, G.J., and Balazs, M.S., 2024, Geology and geologic hazards in the Whittier area, Southcentral Alaska: Preliminary Interpretive Report PIR 2024-4, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 21 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:50,000
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -148.837856
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -148.452537
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.873012
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.789988
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 2012
    Ending_Date: 2024
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: geodatabase
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a vector data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 6
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -147
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0
      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meters
      The horizontal datum used is NAD83.
      The ellipsoid used is GRS 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    whitttier_ak_gems_db
    Geodatabase, layer files, style files, and fonts (Source: DGGS)
    whitttier_gems_db
    Geodatabase, layer files, style files, and fonts (Source: DGGS)
    whitttier_gems_shapefile
    Shapefiles and open data files (Source: DGGS)

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    Geologic field investigations by M.S. Balazs, K.F. Bull, R.J. Gillis, D.S.P. Stevens, and G.J. Wolken (2012); geologic interpretation by: M.S. Balazs, K.F. Bull, R.J. Gillis, D.S.P. Stevens, and G.J. Wolken (2012); airphoto interpretation by: M.S. Balazs, K.F. Bull, R.J. Gillis, D.S.P. Stevens, and G.J. Wolken (2012); geologic GIS data layers created by: K.F. Bull, D.S.P. Stevens (2012); cartography by: A.E. Macpherson (2024); cartographic Review by: M.D. Hendricks (2024); and peer-reviewed by: M.C. Larsen (2024). We thank Pathfinder Aviation for exceptional work in difficult circumstances, and the people of Whittier for their kindness and generosity. We greatly appreciate the Chugach Alaska Native Corporation and the U.S. Forest Service for their helpfulness and access to their lands during this study. Gordon Burton was of great help in allowing us access to the Whittier tunnel, which we were, unfortunately, unable to utilize. This work was funded in part by the 2012 U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, award number G12AS00007. Geologic map conversion to the GeMS standard was funded by the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program under STATEMAP award number G21AC10706, 2022, and the State of Alaska General Fund. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.

Why was the data set created?

The city of Whittier, Alaska (pop. ~250), is one of only two all-weather, ice-free ports that serve the Alaska mainland via both railroad and road access. The city lies about 100 km by road southeast of Anchorage near the head of Passage Canal, a deep fjord in western Prince William Sound. The hazards assessment is in support of informed community planning, mitigation, and emergency response in and around this high-risk community and its associated critical infrastructure.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    Hendricks, M.D. and others, 2024 (source 1 of 3)
    Hendricks, M.D., Macpherson, A.E., Athey, J.E., Wyatt, W.C., Montayne, Simone, Buchanan, Wes, Rivera, P.G., and Steinleitner, A.M., 2024, AK GeMS data dictionary: A description of the Alaska geologic mapping schema: Miscellaneous Publication MP 170 v. 2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 13 p
    Type_of_Source_Media: paper
    Source_Contribution: GIS analysis and digital cartography
    Macpherson, A.E. and others, 2024 (source 2 of 3)
    Macpherson, A.E., Hendricks, M.D., and Athey, J.E., 2024, AK GeMS Symbology: A description of the AK GeMS Style File: Miscellaneous Publication MP 169 v. 2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 6 p
    Type_of_Source_Media: paper
    Source_Contribution: GIS analysis and digital cartography
    U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, 2020 (source 3 of 3)
    U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, 2020, GeMS (Geologic Map Schema) - A standard format for the digital publication of geologic maps: Techniques and Methods TM 11-B10, U.S. Geological Survey, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 1 p
    Type_of_Source_Media: paper
    Source_Contribution: GIS analysis and digital cartography
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2024 (process 1 of 2)
    Geologic mapping - Fieldwork during the mapping portion of this study was conducted over eight days on the ground in 2012. Additional time was spent over two field seasons assessing specific features related to potential hazards. Outcrops were accessed by helicopter, road, and trail. Samples were collected for petrology, geochronology, and thermochronology analyses. Bedrock geology is modified from Nelson and others (1985). Surficial geology was mapped principally by interpreting 1:63,360-scale, false-color, infrared stereo aerial photographs taken in 1978 and refined using airborne lidar data collected in 2012. Recent satellite imagery from the Geographic Information Network of Alaska (GINA) was also utilized. Air-photo interpretations were verified by ground observations during fieldwork in 2012.
    Date: 2024 (process 2 of 2)
    GIS analysis and digital cartography - This data distribution package's geologic and geographic features were organized and attributed according to the AK GeMS geologic mapping schema. The data were programmatically transformed to provide download options in three formats: (1) an AK GeMS data package that includes the complete AK GeMS database and associated files, (2) a GeMS data package that is a conversion of the AK GeMS database into the base GeMS standard published by the USGS, and (3) a shapefile data package that includes two simple shapefile representations of the data. Data sources used in this process:
    • Hendricks, M.D. and others, 2024
    • Macpherson, A.E. and others, 2024
    • U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program, 2020
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Freeman, L.K., Montayne, Simone, and Wypych, Alicja, 2017, Major-oxide and trace-element geochemical data from rocks collected near Panorama Mountain, Mile 104 Seward Highway, Crow Pass, and Whittier, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2017-12, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 4 p
    Hubbard, T.D., Wolken, G.J., Stevens, D.S.P., and Combellick, R.A., 2013, High-resolution lidar data for the Whittier area, Passage Canal, and Portage Lake, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2013-3, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 5 p
    Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, R.A., 2011, Tsunami inundation maps of Whittier and western Passage Canal, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2011-7, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 65 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:14,000
    Nicolsky, D.J., Wolken, G.J., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, E., 2011, APPENDIX B: Potential rockfall-generated tsunami at Whittier, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2011-7A, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: p. 57-65
    Nicolsky, D.J., and Suleimani, E.N., 2018, Potential maximum permanent flooding, Whittier, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2011-7B, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 1 sheet, scale 1:6,500
    Wolken, G.J., and Balazs, M.S., 2014, Inventory and preliminary assessment of geologic hazards in the Passage Canal-Portage Valley area, south-central Alaska: Preliminary Interpretive Report PIR 2014-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 15 p

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Attribute fields within each feature class are populated using the map symbology and corresponding applicable values from the GeMS and AK GeMS specifications. When known, certainty in attribute interpretation is indicated in the relevant fields. Attribute accuracy varies throughout the map and is scale-dependent.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Certainty in feature boundaries or location varies throughout the map. Data fields within each feature class and the accompanying orientation and location confidence lookup tables record the authors' degree of confidence in the location of applicable features.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This publication is a DGGS Preliminary Interpretive Report (PIR). A PIR provides timely release of maps and reports with a preliminary interpretation of geology or analytical data. Several scientists familiar with the geology of map area reviewed this product for general readability and logical consistency, but it has not undergone technical peer review.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    All polygon features were topologically validated according to the AK GeMS geologic mapping schema specifications.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? PIR 2024-4
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 19-Nov-2024
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Attn: Simone Montayne
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:

Generated by mp version 2.9.50 on Tue Nov 19 17:18:32 2024