40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb geochronology of Cretaceous-Paleocene igneous rocks and Cenozoic strata of northwestern Cook Inlet, Alaska: Linkages between arc magmatism, cooling, faulting, and forearc subsidence

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Title:
40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb geochronology of Cretaceous-Paleocene igneous rocks and Cenozoic strata of northwestern Cook Inlet, Alaska: Linkages between arc magmatism, cooling, faulting, and forearc subsidence
Abstract:
DGGS Professional Report 125, 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb geochronology of Cretaceous-Paleocene igneous rocks and Cenozoic strata of northwestern Cook Inlet, Alaska: Linkages between arc magmatism, cooling, faulting, and forearc subsidence, presents results from 53 40Ar/39Ar and 51 U-Pb analyses of 73 sedimentary, intrusive, and volcanic rock samples collected in the south-central Tyonek Quadrangle of southern Alaska. These data provide new age control and provenance information for igneous and sedimentary rock units throughout the study area--some of which lack prior geochronologic age assignments. The samples were collected in concert with new geologic mapping of approximately 900 square miles encompassing parts of the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene magmatic arc and Cenozoic forearc basin in south-central Alaska. Detailed stratigraphic studies of the entire Cenozoic succession were undertaken at the same time. The widespread exposures of forearc strata in the map area are surface correlatives to hydrocarbon-hosting and commercially producing units in the adjacent subsurface of Cook Inlet basin to the southeast. The results inform structural and depositional models for the Cook Inlet forearc basin that are leveraged to assess tectonic events affecting the continental margin. Intrusive crystallization dates and geochemistry of igneous rocks define episodes of arc magmatism in the region at ca. 84-78 Ma, ca. 74-71 Ma, ca. 69-65 Ma, and ca. 62-57 Ma. Mafic and intermediate volcanics with arc to intra-plate signatures are restricted to a period of reduced arc magmatism from about 57 to 47 Ma. Bedrock cooling from approximately 550 degrees C to below 150 degrees C occurred monotonically, but at varying rates. The cooling trends are consistent with thermal conduction after shallow melt emplacement followed by structurally controlled cooling during the early Paleocene. New dates of reworked tephras from Cenozoic forearc strata constrain the depositional age of the West Foreland Formation at a maximum of ca. 47 Ma to ca. 38 Ma. The dates bracket renewed arc volcanism and middle Eocene syntectonic sedimentation at the western basin margin. More sparsely dated Tyonek and Beluga formations produced zircon U- Pb maximum depositional dates of ca. 15.3-15.2 Ma, and ca. 11.2-9.7 Ma, respectively. These dates are used to anchor a large existing palynologic dataset from the area. New and previously published palynologic results indicate that the oldest Hemlock Conglomerate extends to middle Eocene and thus is partially contemporaneous with West Foreland deposition. Sediment accumulation rates calculated from dated stratigraphic intervals and revised stratigraphic age ranges of the West Foreland Formation and Hemlock Conglomerate suggest a pronounced decrease in basin subsidence during Hemlock deposition followed by an order of magnitude increase in sediment accumulation rates by the middle Miocene. Conglomerate clast dates and detrital grains from reworked tephras provide additional insights into sediment provenance that help refine a depositional model for the Paleogene basin margin. The results highlight the transition from high-gradient, small-catchment alluvial systems sourced from the structurally exhumed arc to a mature, trunk fluvial network distributing a mixed sediment load from proximal arc and distal basement sources during a period of low basin accommodation. Dextral faults extending for nearly 250 km from the upper Cook Inlet to the Matanuska Valley constituted a linked structural system from late Paleocene to middle Eocene that created transtensional depocenters at major fault step-overs along the northwestern and northern margins of the forearc basin. Orogen-parallel extension of the arc region directly to the north is a mechanical consequence of an eastward increase in strike-slip displacement along the fault system. The resulting normal faults produced conduits for magmas sourced from a depleted mantle reservoir during a lull in arc magmatism, and likely facilitated subsidence in the Susitna successor basin. Paleocene to Eocene initiation of dextral strike-slip faults and extension of the arc region supports models for Paleogene oroclinal bending of Alaska. All files are available from the DGGS website: http://doi.org/10.14509/30554.
Supplemental_Information:
Appendix A:    Analytical Methods	
Appendix B:    Zircon U-Pb data	
Appendix C:    40Ar/39Ar data	
Appendix D:    Description and age interpretations for Cretaceous intrusive rock samples	
Appendix E:    Description and age interpretations for Paleocene intrusive rock samples	
Appendix F:    Description and age interpretations for Cretaceous and Paleocene volcanic rock samples	
Appendix G:    Description and age interpretations for West Foreland Formation and Kenai Group samples	
Appendix H:    Summary table for all geochronologic dates including locations	
Appendix I:    Summary table for thermochronologic cooling rates	
Appendix J:    Summary table for major oxide samples descriptions, classification codes, and locations
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Gillis, R.J., Wartes, M.A., Herriott, T.M., LePain, D.L., Benowitz, J.A., Wypych, Alicja, Donelick, R.A., O'Sullivan, P.B., and Layer, P.W., 2022, 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb geochronology of Cretaceous-Paleocene igneous rocks and Cenozoic strata of northwestern Cook Inlet, Alaska: Linkages between arc magmatism, cooling, faulting, and forearc subsidence: Professional Report PR 125 v. 1.1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 78 p.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -152.257930
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -150.707310
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 61.761010
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 61.017140
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 2006
    Ending_Date: 2021
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: table
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a point data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest .0000001. Longitudes are given to the nearest .0000001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is NAD27.
      The ellipsoid used is Clarke 1866.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378206.40000000037.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/294.978698199999997.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    Appendix A
    Analytical Methods (Source: DGGS, Apatite to Zircon, INC., GeoSep Services, UAF Geochronology Laboratory)
    Appendix B
    Zircon U-Pb data (Source: DGGS, Apatite to Zircon, INC., GeoSep Services,)
    Appendix C
    40Ar/39Ar data (Source: DGGS, UAF Geochronology Laboratory)
    Appendix D
    Description and age interpretations for Cretaceous intrusive rock samples (Source: DGGS)
    Appendix E
    Description and age interpretations for Paleocene intrusive rock samples (Source: DGGS)
    Appendix F
    Description and age interpretations for Cretaceous and Paleocene volcanic rock samples (Source: DGGS)
    Appendix G
    Description and age interpretations for West Foreland Formation and Kenai Group samples (Source: DGGS)
    Appendix H
    Summary table for all geochronologic dates including locations (Source: DGGS)
    Appendix I
    Summary table for thermochronologic cooling rates (Source: DGGS)
    Appendix J
    Summary table for major oxide samples descriptions, classification codes, and locations (Source: DGGS)

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    Discussions with Ken Helmold, Richard Stanley, Bob Swenson, Kate Bull, Ron Cole, Ken Ridgway, Emily Finzel, Dick Reger, Jeff Trop, Jamey Jones, Erin Todd, Rick Levinson, Jake Mongrain, Richard Lease, Peter Haeussler, Richard Koehler, and Paul Betka improved our understanding of southern Alaska geology and refined our interpretations. Erin Todd kindly commented on our interpretation and discussion of the igneous geochemistry. David Doherty introduced us to the area prior to commencing field studies and provided valuable insights. Mark Schmitz kindly provided his spreadsheet for calculating maximum depositional dates. Samples were collected by Larry Freeman, David LePain, Bob Gillis, Brent Elliott, Marwan Wartes, Trystan Herriott, David Mauel, Emily Finzel, Jake Mongrain, and Ken Ridgway. University of Alaska, Fairbanks undergraduate interns Keane Richards and Kandace Krecji helped with sample logistics and data entry and provided assistance in the field. Pathfinder Aviation and pilots Merlin (Spanky) Handley, Marty Staufer, Chuck Redd, Ray Hodges, and Hightower Paxton, along with Tom (Rat) Ratledge of Yukon Helicopters, safely and skillfully transported us to every corner and creek in the field area. Jack Barber at Alaska Air Taxi flew personnel and gear to our field base camp. Bob Freeman at Three-Mile Camp kept us well fed and dry during the record-breaking 30 consecutive days of rain in the summer of 2010. Land access was kindly permitted by Cook Inlet Region, Inc. (CIRI) and Tyonek Native Corporation. This project was funded by State of Alaska Capital Improvement Project funds and the U.S. Geological Survey's National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program STATEMAP component (award numbers G09AC00177 and G10AC00321). Reviews by Emily Finzel and James V. Jones III helped to substantially focus the manuscript and improve its contents. Disclaimer: The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Geological Survey. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.

Why was the data set created?

The Cook Inlet basin analysis program aims to produce more accurate and modern geologic maps and supporting datasets to facilitate developing a better understanding of the Cook Inlet petroleum system's near-margin stratigraphic and structural components.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    Freeman, L.K. and others, 2016 (source 1 of 1)
    Freeman, L.K., Gillis, R.J., Elliott, B.A., and Wypych, Alicja, 2016, Major-oxide and trace-element geochemical data from rocks collected in 2010 in the Tyonek Quadrangle, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2016-5, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 2 p
    Type_of_Source_Media: data
    Source_Contribution: geochemistry
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2011 (process 1 of 5)
    Field data collection - Approximately 10-15 kg of the freshest, most unaltered rock available were collected for most samples. Phaneritic intrusive rocks with unaltered mafic mineral phases and visible striae on crystal faces were targeted for collection, as were aphanitic rocks free of chloritic alteration or oxidation. Thin bentonitic volcaniclastic beds and tonsteins collected from coals were carefully excavated to avoid contamination. Sample locations were recorded using modern, hand-held GPS units set to the NAD 27 datum with typical horizontal precision of 9 to 21 feet.
    Date: 2011 (process 2 of 5)
    Geochemistry - Selected samples were analyzed for major-oxide and trace-elements. Data sources used in this process:
    • Freeman, L.K. and others, 2016
    Date: 2011 (process 3 of 5)
    Zircon U-Pb - Selected samples were analyzed for Zircon U-Pb geochronology using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Zircon U-Pb analytical methods are outlined in Appendix A.
    Date: 2011 (process 4 of 5)
    40AR/39AR - Selected intrusive, volcanic, and volcaniclastic rock samples were submitted to the UAF Geochronology Laboratory for 40Ar/39Ar analysis. 40Ar/39A analytical methods are outlined in Appendix A.
    Date: 2021 (process 5 of 5)
    Version 1.1 - We corrected data reporting typographic errors for samples: 10BAE353, 07BG275, 10LF298, 07BG256, 07BG257, 07DL80-4.2, 07DL80-67.5, 07DL076, 08DL055.
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1978, Short Notes on Alaskan Geology - 1978: Geologic Report GR 61, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 41 p
    Fuchs, W.A., 2019, Geologic map of the Castle Mountain-Caribou fault system, Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska: Preliminary Interpretive Report PIR 2017-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 57 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:24,000
    Gillis, R.J., LePain, D.L., Ridgway, K.D., and Finzel, E.S., 2009, A reconnaissance view of an unnamed fault near Capps Glacier, northwestern Cook Inlet basin, and its potential as a regional-scale, basin-controlling structure: Preliminary Interpretive Report PIR 2009-3, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 9 p
    Gregersen, L.S., and Shellenbaum, D.P., 2016, Top Mesozoic unconformity subcrop map, Cook Inlet basin, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2016-4, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 1 sheet, scale 1:500,000
    Hartman, D.C., Pessel, G.H., and McGee, D.L., 1974, Stratigraphy of the Kenai group, Cook Inlet: Alaska Open-File Report AOF 49, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 7 p., 11 sheets
    Herriott, T.M., Wartes, M.A., Stanley, R.G., Decker, P.L., Helmold, K.P., and Harun, N.T., 2018, Sequence-stratigraphic framework of the Middle Jurassic Chinitna Formation, Cook Inlet forearc basin, south-central Alaska (presentation): Alaska Geological Society, 20 March 2018, Anchorage, Alaska: Poster and Presentation Herriott, T.M. and others, 2018, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 77 p
    Koehler, R.D., and Reger, R.D., 2011, Reconnaissance evaluation of the Lake Clark fault, Tyonek area, Alaska: Preliminary Interpretive Report PIR 2011-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 8 p
    Koehler, R.D., Reger, R.D., and Frohman, R.A., 2012, The Castle Mountain fault, south-central Alaska: New lidar-based observations on the sense of slip, Eos Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract #S53D-2530: Poster and Presentation Koehler, R.D. and others, 2012, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 1 p., 1 sheet
    Reger, R.D., 2009, Reinterpretation of the Kaloa deposits near Granite Point, northwestern Cook Inlet, Alaska: Preliminary Interpretive Report PIR 2009-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 8 p
    Shellenbaum, D.P., Gregersen, L.S., and Delaney, P.R., 2010, Top Mesozoic unconformity depth map of the Cook Inlet basin, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2010-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 1 sheet, scale 1:500,000
    Stanley, R.G., Haeussler, P.J., Benowitz, J.A., Goodman, D.K., Ravn, R.L., Shellenbaum, D.P., Saltus, R.W., Lewis, K.A., and Potter, C.J., 2013, New stratigraphic revelations in the subsurface Susitna basin, south-central Alaska, from geochronology and biostratigraphy [poster]: GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting, Fresno, CA, May 22, 2013: Poster and Presentation Stanley, R.G. and others, 2013, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 1 sheet
    Zippi, P.A., Gillis, R.J., Montayne, Simone, and Loveland, A.M., 2021, Palynological and thermal maturity analysis of outcrop samples from the Kenai, Seldovia, and Tyonek quadrangles, Cook Inlet region, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2021-8, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 4 p

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    This data collection provides a compilation of detailed 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb geochronology analyses and geochemical summary data used to support the observations and interpretations presented in the accompanying report. Uncertainties and attribute accuracy vary according to the data product. We encourage users to review the report and accompanying method documentation to better understand the methods and limitations of the source data and analytical results.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Location data were collected using handheld recreational grade Garmin GPS units. These devices have a typical reported error of 9 to 21 feet. However, the actual location accuracy of the sample coordinates varies according to the observer's sampling context and recording conventions. Many samples were collected during poor weather conditions and from deep ravines where GPS to satellite connectivity was not ideal. In conjunction with this publication release, the authors have carefully reviewed GPS-reported locations relative base map imagery to verify that each sample is appropriately located relative to the scale of the research and adjusted locations to coincide with base map imagery when appropriate. Consequently, users may find functionally insignificant sample location differences throughout various Cook Inlet project publications. Locations for samples collected along a measured stratigraphic section reflect the GPS reading at the base of the measured section.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This data release is complete.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Not applicable

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? PR 125 v. 1.1
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 11-Mar-2022
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Attn: Simone Montayne
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:

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