Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Wallace, K.L. Originator: Hayden, L.A. Originator: Neal, C.A. Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Major-element glass compositions of tephra from the circa 3.6 ka eruption of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska Peninsula, Alaska Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: sample-location-details Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2017-9 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 9 p. Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29777 Description: Abstract: This Raw Data File presents major-oxide glass geochemical results from the ca. 3.6 ka caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska. These data are part of a larger effort to identify and characterize tephra deposits from the largest eruptions in Alaska for use as geochronological marker horizons. Aniakchak is one of at least 29 volcanoes in Alaska that has had multiple large tephra-producing eruptions. Other deposit and sample metadata including geospatial distributions of this tephra deposit are held in the Alaska Volcano Observatory's online database, the Geologic Database of Information on Volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA), and will be linked to these new geochemical data once published. Products included in this data release are background information on the larger project, methods of sample collection, processing, analysis, and data reduction spreadsheets showing 1) raw point major-oxide data, 2) normalized and averaged major-oxide data, and 3) basic sample metadata. Users can access the complete report and digital data from the DGGS website: http://doi.org/10.14509/29777 and from the Alaska Volcano Observatory's online database, the Geologic Database of Information on Volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA) Purpose: This Raw Data File presents major-oxide glass geochemical results from the ca. 3.6 ka caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska. These data are part of a larger effort to identify and characterize tephra deposits from the largest eruptions in Alaska for use as geochronological marker horizons. Aniakchak is one of at least 29 volcanoes in Alaska that has had multiple large tephra-producing eruptions. Supplemental_Information: >Raw point data: Raw point data for all samples and working standards in the order they were run on the electron microprobe. File contains normalized (to 100%) point data omitting points that have been filtered out (e.g. mineral inclusion, epoxy, low or high totals, etc.). >Sample metadata and normalized averages: Sample metadata (description, location, etc.) and normalized and averaged major-oxide data each sample. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1996 Ending_Date: 2017 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -158.62377 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -158.62377 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 57.05235 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 57.05235 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Theme_Keyword: Analyses Theme_Keyword: Analyses and Sampling Theme_Keyword: Analytical Lab Results Theme_Keyword: Analytical Results Theme_Keyword: Archaeology Theme_Keyword: Caldera Theme_Keyword: Coastal Theme_Keyword: Geochemistry Theme_Keyword: Geologic Theme_Keyword: Geology Theme_Keyword: Glass Theme_Keyword: Hazards Theme_Keyword: Methods Theme_Keyword: Minerals Theme_Keyword: Tephra Theme_Keyword: Tephrochronology Theme_Keyword: Tephrostratigraphy Theme_Keyword: Volcanic Theme_Keyword: Volcanoes Theme_Keyword: Volcanology Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Place_Keyword: Alaska Peninsula Place_Keyword: Aniakchak Access_Constraints: This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below). Use_Constraints: Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Data_Set_Credit: This project is funded through the U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Science Center, and this raw data file (RDF) is published through the State of Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) with funding provided under USGS Volcano Hazard Program/DGGS cooperative agreement G16AC00165. The authors would like to thank Katherine Mulliken and Cheryl Cameron at DGGS for their guidance formatting the dataset for quick inclusion in the Geologic Database of Information on Volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA) and for support with producing map figures. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Bacon, C.R. Originator: Neal, C.A. Originator: Miller, T.P. Originator: McGimsey, R.G. Originator: Nye, C.J. Publication_Date: 2014 Title: Postglacial eruptive history, geochemistry, and recent seismicity of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska Peninsula Series_Information: Series_Name: Professional Paper Issue_Identification: P 1810 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: United States Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: 74 p Online_Linkage: http://dggs.alaska.gov/pubs/id/29825 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Dunning, H.A. Publication_Date: 2011 Title: Extending the applications of tephrochronology in northwestern North America Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Alberta Publisher: University of Alberta Online_Linkage: null Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Kienle, Juergen Originator: Swanson, S.E. Publication_Date: 1983 Title: Volcanism in the eastern Aleutian Arc: late Quaternary and Holocene centers, tectonic setting and petrology Series_Information: Series_Name: null Issue_Identification: v. 17, no. 1-4 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Atlanta, GA Publisher: Elsevier Online_Linkage: null Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Miller, T.P. Originator: Smith, R.L. Publication_Date: 1977 Title: Spectacular mobility of ash flows around Aniakchak and Fisher calderas, Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: null Issue_Identification: v. 5 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Boulder, CO Publisher: Geological Society of America Online_Linkage: null Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Riehle, J.R. Originator: Meyer, C.E. Originator: Ager, T.A. Originator: Kaufman, D.S. Originator: Ackerman, R.E. Publication_Date: 1987 Title: The Aniachak tephra deposit, a late Holocene marker horizon in western Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Circular Issue_Identification: C 998 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: United States Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: p. 19-23 Online_Linkage: http://dggs.alaska.gov/pubs/id/26602 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: This data set is being released in the DGGS Raw Data File series. The information has been examined by several geologists familiar with the study area, but the data and accompanying report have not been formally reviewed for technical content or for conformity to the editorial standards of DGGS. The procedures used to ensure analytical quality are discussed in the accompanying manuscript. Logical_Consistency_Report: not applicable Completeness_Report: This data release is complete. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Samples were collected from a single coastal bluff outcrop. Uncertainty associated with the location coordinates is unknown, but is estimated to be less than 30 meters. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Armstrong, J.T. Publication_Date: 1995 Title: CITZAF: a package of correction programs for the quantitative electron microbeam X-ray analysis of thick polished materials, thin films, and particles Series_Information: Series_Name: null Issue_Identification: v. 4 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: New York Publisher: Microbeam Analysis Society Online_Linkage: null Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1995 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Armstrong, J.T., 1995 Source_Contribution: Sample analysis Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Jarosewich, Eugene Originator: Nelen, J.A. Originator: Norberg, J.A. Publication_Date: 1979 Title: Electron-microprobe reference samples for standard analysis Series_Information: Series_Name: null Issue_Identification: v. 22 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: Smithsonian Institution Press Online_Linkage: null Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1979 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Jarosewich, Eugene and others, 1979 Source_Contribution: Sample analysis Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Deer, W.A. Originator: Howie, R.A. Originator: Zussman, Jack Publication_Date: 1992 Title: An introduction to the rock-forming minerals (2d ed.) Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Essex, England Publisher: Longman Scientific & Technical Online_Linkage: null Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1992 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Deer, W.A. and others, 1992 Source_Contribution: Data reduction Process_Step: Process_Description: Sample collection - Tephra samples were collected from a single coastal bluff outcrop along the Bering Sea (station ID: NA96-3, 57.05235N, 158.62377W, WGS84), 33 km west-northwest of the center of the Aniakchak crater. The outcrop contains both pyroclastic flow (15 m) and underlying fallout deposits (25 cm). Stratigraphic locations of samples used in this data release are shown in Figure 4 of the accompanying report. Process_Date: 1996 Process_Step: Process_Description: Sample processing - All samples were processed in the U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Tephra Laboratory & Data Center in Anchorage, Alaska. Coarse-grained samples (greater than 2 mm in diameter) were hand-selected to make mounts for electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Finer grained samples (less than 2 mm in diameter) were wet sieved into three size fractions mainly to remove fine-grained ash from the surfaces of the coarser material. Material in the size fraction greater than or equal to 0.125 mm was used to make bulk grain mounts for EPMA. Standard polished probe mounts were made professional by Mann Petrographics, New Mexico. Process_Date: 2014 Process_Step: Process_Description: Sample analysis - Major-element glass analyses were conducted using wavelength dispersive techniques with a 5-spectrometer JEOL 8900R electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) at the USGS in Menlo Park, Calif. Concentrations were determined with the CIT-ZAF reduction scheme (Armstrong, 1995). Glass analyses used a 5-micrometer-diameter beam with 5 nA current and 15 kV accelerating potential. Reported glass compositions are the averages of 15-30 spot analyses or fewer if multiple populations were found within a single sample; background intensities were determined 1‒3 times for each grain. Count times were 10 s for Na (which was analyzed first to reduce Na-loss), 10 s for S and Cl, and 30 s for all other elements. During analysis, sets of 5-10 replicate analyses of glass standards RLS-75 (rhyolite glass) and VG-2 (basaltic glass) (Jarosewich and others, 1979) were performed to monitor instrument drift. Natural glass and mineral standards were used for calibration: RLS-132 for Si; basaltic glass VG-2 for Fe, Mg, and Ca; Orthoclase 1 for K and Al; Tiburon albite for Na; Mn2O3 for Mn; TiO2 for Ti; sodalite for Cl; and Wilberforce apatite for P. Standard deviations of averages of multiple spot analyses for single unknown samples are generally within those listed for working standards. Point data for all glass analyses (including standards) as well as a summary of normalized averaged data for all glass sample analyses are given in this data release. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Armstrong, J.T., 1995 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Jarosewich, Eugene and others, 1979 Process_Date: 2014 Process_Step: Process_Description: Data reduction - Once electron microprobe data are acquired and downloaded as raw data in a spreadsheet they are filtered to reduce unwanted data. All geochemical data acquired by EMPA were subject to rejection based on the following criteria: Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Deer, W.A. and others, 1992 Process_Date: 2017 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: point Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.00001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 84 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563000025 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: Raw point data Entity_Type_Label: Raw point data Entity_Type_Definition: Raw point data for all samples and working standards in the order they were run on the electron microprobe. File contains normalized (to 100%) point data omitting points that have been filtered out (e.g. mineral inclusion, epoxy, low or high totals, etc.). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Tephra Laboratory & Data Center Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: Sample metadata and normalized averages Entity_Type_Label: Sample metadata and normalized averages Entity_Type_Definition: Sample metadata (description, location, etc.) and normalized and averaged major-oxide data each sample. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Tephra Laboratory & Data Center Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Resource_Description: RDF 2017-9 Distribution_Liability: The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: DGGS publications are available as free online downloads or you may purchase paper hard-copies or digital files on CD/DVD or other digital storage media by mail, phone, fax, or email from the DGGS Fairbanks office. To purchase this or other printed reports and maps, contact DGGS by phone (907-451-5020), e-mail (dggspubs@alaska.gov), or fax (907-451-5050). Payment accepted: Cash, check, money order, VISA, or MasterCard. Turnaround time is 1-2 weeks unless special arrangements are made and an express fee is paid. Shipping charge will be the actual cost of postage and will be added to the total amount due. Contact us for the exact shipping amount. Fees: Contact DGGS for current pricing Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: sample-location-details Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://doi.org/10.14509/29777 Fees: Free download Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20171207 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Person: Simone Montayne Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Use_Constraints: If the user has modified the data in any way they are obligated to describe the types of modifications they have performed in the supporting metadata file. User specifically agrees not to imply that changes they made were approved by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources or Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: http://www.dggs.alaska.gov/metadata/dggs.ext Profile_Name: dggs metadata extensions