High-resolution lidar data for the Chilkat Ridge area, Alaska

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Frequently anticipated questions:


What does this data set describe?

Title: High-resolution lidar data for the Chilkat Ridge area, Alaska
Abstract:
The State of Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) used lidar to produce a digital terrain model (DTM) and digital surface model (DSM) over ridgelines along the Chilkat River just north of Haines, Alaska. The lidar and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data were collected on November 15-16, 2018, and processed using Terrasolid. This data collection is being released as a Raw Data File with an open end-user license. The complete report and digital data are available from the DGGS website: <http://doi.org/10.14509/30224>.
Supplemental_Information:
point_cloud_data:    Classified (ASPRS standard) lidar values for all returns; File format: LAS 1.4.	
dtm:    DTMs represent surface elevations of ground surfaces, excluding vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. The DTM is a single-band, 1 meter, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file, with a ground sample distance (GSD) of 15 cm on the ground and 60 cm below dense vegetation. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038.	
dsm:    A 2-meter DSM raster was created from the first returns of the laser point cloud. The No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038.	
intensity_image:    A grayscale image that displays 0-255 grayscale values according to relative reflectivity. The laser intensity image is provided as a 1-meter raster.
  1. How should this data set be cited?

    Daanen, R.D., and Wikstrom Jones, Katreen, 2019, High-resolution lidar data for the Chilkat Ridge area, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2019-7, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 11 p.

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -135.970710
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -135.640466
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.414268
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.236685

  3. What does it look like?

  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

    Beginning_Date: 2018
    Ending_Date: 2019
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition

  5. What is the general form of this data set?

    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: digital data

  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?

    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?

      This is a point data set.

    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?

      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 8
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -135
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0

      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meters

      The horizontal datum used is North American Datum of 1983.
      The ellipsoid used is GRS 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101000025.

      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
      Altitude_System_Definition:
      Altitude_Datum_Name: NAVD88; GEOID12B
      Altitude_Resolution: 1
      Altitude_Distance_Units: meter
      Altitude_Encoding_Method: Implicit coordinate

  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

    point_cloud_data
    Classified (ASPRS standard) lidar values for all returns; File format: LAS 1.4. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))

    dtm
    DTMs represent surface elevations of ground surfaces, excluding vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. The DTM is a single-band, 1 meter, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file, with a ground sample distance (GSD) of 15 cm on the ground and 60 cm below dense vegetation. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))

    dsm
    A 2-meter DSM raster was created from the first returns of the laser point cloud. The No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))

    intensity_image
    A grayscale image that displays 0-255 grayscale values according to relative reflectivity. The laser intensity image is provided as a 1-meter raster. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))


Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)

  2. Who also contributed to the data set?

    These data products were funded by the Alaska Division of Forestry. We thank Clearwater Air from Anchorage for their aviation expertise and contribution to these data products.

  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?

    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK 99709-3707
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov

    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays


Why was the data set created?

This dataset includes point cloud data, a 32-bit digital terrain model, and an intensity image covering a study area near the Chilkat Ridge region of southeast Alaska. The data release is one of a series of Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) publications to present elevation data. The goal is to provide information for the Alaska Division of Forestry on the ground conditions and tree cover on Chilkat Ridge.


How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

    Date: 2018 (process 1 of 7)
    Lidar data acquisition - DGGS operates a Riegle VUX1-LR lidar integrated with a GNSS and Northrop Grumman IMU system. The integration was designed by Phoenix LiDAR systems. The sensor is capable of collecting up to 820,000 points per second over a distance of 150 m. This survey was flown at a scan rate of 400,000 points per second and a scan rate of 200 revolutions per second. The average pulse spacing was 15 cm and the average point density was 40 points per square meter. This survey was flown with an average elevation of 200 m above ground level and a ground speed of approximately 40 m/s with a fixed-wing aircraft configuration, using Cessna 185. The scan angle was set from 55 to 305. Ground Control points were collected using a Trimble system consisting of a Trimble R7 base station and an R8 rover system.

    Date: 2018 (process 2 of 7)
    Raw lidar data processing - Raw data were processed using Terrasolid software to produce integrated files for navigation correction and a point cloud for calibration. The navigation was corrected using Inertial Explorer software, where the GNNS and IMU data are integrated to establish the correct flight path and orientation of the lidar sensor.

    Date: 2018 (process 3 of 7)
    Point cloud data calibration - Internal lidar point cloud data were calibrated using Terrasolid software. The initial accuracy of the point cloud was 8.346 cm. After calibration, the point cloud had an average magnitude accuracy of 6.914 cm.

    Date: 2018 (process 4 of 7)
    Point cloud data classification - The point cloud is classified for ground points as well as low, medium, and high vegetation (0.01-0.3 m, 0.3-5 m, and 5-60 m heights above the ground, respectively). Some manual processing was required to eliminate fog and misclassified ground points. All low points and air points are eliminated from the dataset. Lastly, the DSM and DTM were hydroflattened to mean surrounding elevation for all lakes and ponds.

    Date: 2019 (process 5 of 7)
    Digital terrain model - The ground points from the final point cloud were used to build the digital terrain model in ArcGIS. The point cloud was loaded as a las dataset and filtered for ground points. The remaining points were used in a las dataset-to-raster conversion tool. Rasters, with a ground pixel resolution of 1 meter, were derived from mean values from a 2-meter sampling distance. The DTM was hydroflattened to mean surrounding elevation for all lakes and ponds.

    Date: 2019 (process 6 of 7)
    Digital surface model - The digital surface model was created from the first returns in the point cloud. Due to a large number of points in vegetation, we used a binning method with natural neighbor gap-filling. The 1 m bins did not gap-fill correctly in the entire dataset, however, so we opted to store the DSM in a 2-m-resolution raster. The DSM was hydroflattened to mean surrounding elevation for all lakes and ponds.

    Date: 2019 (process 7 of 7)
    Intensity image - The intensity raster was generated using the ground points. The raster resolution is 1-meter.

  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?


How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?

    Surveyed ground control, captured with a Trimble RTK GPS, provided both control points, to be used in calibration, and checkpoints, to be used in the accuracy assessment of the lidar point cloud. A snow crust was observed on most ground surfaces but was less than 5 cm thick and highly variable. This crust of snow is not expected to affect the elevation map beyond the overall accuracy capability of the survey. All points collected were in natural terrain with variable amounts of vegetated cover. See accompanying project report for additional discussion and a complete listing of checkpoints and control points.

  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?

    Horizontal accuracy was not evaluated for this project.

  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?

    The Root Mean Square Error of the final data layers for the bare earth elevation between the checkpoints and lidar ground points is 8.5 centimeters.

  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?

    The total area surveyed was approximately 224 km2. This data release is complete and there is no over-collect, except for the aircraft turns that were eliminated from the dataset. There are a few areas where data coverage is limited due to the slow response of the fixed wing aircraft the fast elevation changes along the flight path, e.g., canyons. Void areas for lakes and ponds, which were hydroflattened in the elevation models, were delineated as null data in the intensity rasters.

  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?

    To evaluate data consistency, ground checkpoints were collected (November 15, 2018) as RTK-GNSS points with a Trimble R8 GNSS receiver. A Trimble R7 GNSS receiver with Zephyr-2 antenna was deployed near the center of the study area and was used as horizontal and vertical control for checkpoint baseline corrections. The checkpoints were compared with the DTM. The comparison showed a 7.1 cm average magnitude difference between the checkpoints and the DTM. The checkpoint differences had a Root Mean Square Error of 8.5 cm and a standard deviation of 8.6 cm.


How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?

Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.

  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)

    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK 99709-3707
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov

    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?

    RDF 2019-7

  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.

  4. How can I download or order the data?


Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 06-Dec-2019
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Attn: Simone Montayne
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK 99709-3707
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov

Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:


Generated by mp version 2.9.21 on Fri Dec 6 11:55:28 2019