Lidar-derived elevation data for Turnagain Pass, southcentral Alaska, September 2, 2018

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Frequently anticipated questions:


What does this data set describe?

Title:
Lidar-derived elevation data for Turnagain Pass, southcentral Alaska, September 2, 2018
Abstract:
The State of Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) used lidar to produce a digital terrain model (DTM) and digital surface model (DSM) of Turnagain Pass, southcentral Alaska, during snow-free ground conditions. This dataset includes point cloud data, a 32-bit digital terrain model and digital surface model, and an intensity image covering Turnagain Pass located southeast of Anchorage within the Chugach National Forest on the Kenai Peninsula in southcentral Alaska. The lidar and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data were collected on September 2, 2018, and processed using Terrasolid. This data collection is released as a Raw Data File with an open end-user license. All files can be downloaded free of charge from the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys website (http://doi.org/10.14509/30567).
Supplemental_Information:
classified point cloud data:    The ground-classified point cloud has an average point spacing of 43 cm (43 cm on the ground in open alpine areas and 32 cm below dense vegetation in the valley) and an average point density of 2.3 points per square meter. 	
digital surface model:    The DSM represents surface elevations, for example heights of vegetation, buildings, bridges, etc. The DSM is a single band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file, with a ground sample distance of 50 cm. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038.	
digital terrain model:    The DTM represents elevations of ground surfaces, excluding vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. The DTM is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file, with a ground sample distance of 50 cm. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038.	
lidar intensity image:    The intensity image represents the return strengths of the first return laser pulses. The intensity image is a single band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file, with a ground sample distance of 50 centimeter and normalized to the 0-255 range. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Wikstrom Jones, Katreen, Wolken, G.J., Daanen, R.P., and Herbst, A.M., 2021, Lidar-derived elevation data for Turnagain Pass, southcentral Alaska, September 2, 2018: Raw Data File RDF 2020-16, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 7 p.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -149.331846
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -149.022184
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.866217
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.707115
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Calendar_Date: 02-Sep-2018
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report, point cloud, GeoTIFF
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a raster data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 6
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -147
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0
      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meters
      The horizontal datum used is NAD83 (2011).
      The ellipsoid used is GRS 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101000025.
      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
      Altitude_System_Definition:
      Altitude_Datum_Name: NAVD88, GEOID12B
      Altitude_Resolution: 0.001
      Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
      Altitude_Encoding_Method:
      Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    classified point cloud data
    The ground-classified point cloud has an average point spacing of 43 cm (43 cm on the ground in open alpine areas and 32 cm below dense vegetation in the valley) and an average point density of 2.3 points per square meter. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))
    digital surface model
    The DSM represents surface elevations, for example heights of vegetation, buildings, bridges, etc. The DSM is a single band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file, with a ground sample distance of 50 cm. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))
    digital terrain model
    The DTM represents elevations of ground surfaces, excluding vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. The DTM is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file, with a ground sample distance of 50 cm. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))
    lidar intensity image
    The intensity image represents the return strengths of the first return laser pulses. The intensity image is a single band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file, with a ground sample distance of 50 centimeter and normalized to the 0-255 range. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+038. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS))

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    These data products were funded by U.S. Geological Surveys and Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. We thank Clearwater Air for their aviation expertise and contribution to these data products.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.

Why was the data set created?

The goal of the survey is to provide snow-free surface elevations for deriving snow depth distribution models with repeat surveys during snow-covered surface conditions. This data release is one of a series of DGGS publications to present elevation data.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 02-Sep-2018 (process 1 of 3)
    Airborne survey - This lidar survey was flown at an average elevation of 200 m above ground level and a ground speed of approximately 40 meters per second with a fixed-wing Cessna 180. Elevation data were acquired with a Riegl VUX1-LR laser scanner integrated with a GNSS and Northrop Grumman IMU system. The integration was designed by Phoenix LiDAR systems. Lidar data were acquired at a pulse rate ranging from 50,000 pulses per second in the alpine areas to 400,000 pulses per second over forested areas, a scan rate of 200 revolutions per second, and a scan angle range of 80-280 degrees. The accompanying report provides additional detail regarding flight conditions.
    Date: 02-Sep-2018 (process 2 of 3)
    Ground survey - Ground control and check points were collected on September 2, 2018. A Trimble R7 GNSS receiver with Zephyr-2 antenna was deployed near the center of the study area and provided a base station occupation and real-time kinematic (RTK) corrections to points surveyed with a rover Trimble R8-4 GNSS receiver (internal antenna). 78 total ground control points and check points were collected to be used for calibration and assessment of the vertical accuracy of the point cloud. All points were collected on a paved road surface.
    Date: 2019 (process 3 of 3)
    Lidar dataset processing - Raw data were processed using Terrasolid software to produce integrated files for navigation correction and a point cloud for calibration. The navigation was corrected using Inertial Explorer software, where the GNSS and IMU data are integrated to establish correct flight path and orientation of the lidar sensor. Internal consistency of the dataset was improved by calibrating the point cloud data using global, flight line, and fluctuation (within individual flightlines) tielines in Terrasolid software. The point cloud was classified for ground points as well as low, medium, and high vegetation (0.01-0.5 m, 0.5-3 m, and 3-60 m heights above the ground, respectively, in accordance with ASPRS lidar classification codes). Some manual processing was required to eliminate erratically placed points and misclassified ground points. All low points and air points were eliminated from the dataset. A LAS dataset was created in ArcMAP, from which a 50 cm DTM, DSM, and intensity image were produced. The DTM was derived from elevation values of ground-classified points only, and built using the binning technique of minimum elevation and linear void fill. The DSM was derived from elevation values from first returns from all point classes, and built using the binning technique of average elevation values and linear void fill. The intensity image was derived from intensity values of first return points.
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Wolken, G.J., and Balazs, M.S., 2014, Inventory and preliminary assessment of geologic hazards in the Passage Canal-Portage Valley area, south-central Alaska: Preliminary Interpretive Report PIR 2014-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 15 p
    Wolken, G.J., Hendricks, K.A., Daanen, R.P., Overbeck, J.R., Stevens, D.S.P., and Masterman, S.S., 2017, Alaska & climate change: Information Circular IC 64, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 2 p

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Not applicable
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Horizontal accuracy was not measured for this collection.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    The elevation values of 62 ground control points were compared with the elevation values of the lidar points classified as ground points. The average vertical offset was corrected with a z-transformation. 15 check points were used to determine the final accuracy of the z-transformed lidar point cloud. The lidar point cloud had a vertical offset of +2.2 cm (root mean squared error [RMSE] 3.6 cm) compared to ground control, therefore a vertical transformation of -2.2 cm was applied to the lidar point cloud. The final accuracy assessment showed a mean vertical offset of -0.3 cm and RMSE of 3.3 cm. Relative accuracy for this dataset was evaluated as the interswath overlap consistency and was measured at 1.2 cm RMSE.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This data release is complete and there is no over collect, except for the aircraft turns that were eliminated from the dataset. There are a few areas where data coverage is limited due to laser range exceedance, which is related to the slow response of the fixed wing aircraft to the fast elevation change along the flight path. All low points and air points were eliminated from the dataset.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Relative accuracy for this dataset was evaluated as the interswath overlap consistency and was measured at 1.2 cm RMSE.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? RDF 2020-16
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 22-Jan-2021
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Attn: Simone Montayne
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:

Generated by mp version 2.9.50 on Tue Jan 26 16:34:59 2021