Lidar-derived elevation data for Haines, Southeast Alaska, collected October 2021 and October 2022

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Frequently anticipated questions:


What does this data set describe?

Title:
Lidar-derived elevation data for Haines, Southeast Alaska, collected October 2021 and October 2022
Abstract:
Lidar-derived elevation data for Haines, Southeast Alaska, collected October 2021 and October 2022, Raw Data File 2023-18, provides a classified point cloud, digital surface model (DSM), digital terrain model (DTM), and an intensity model of Haines, Southeast Alaska collected by aerial lidar during snow-free ground conditions. The survey provides snow-free surface elevations for assessing landslide hazards and, in two active slide areas, elevation changes between October 2021 and October 2022. Ground control data were collected November 1-3, 2021, and aerial lidar data were collected October 24-26, 2021 and October 2-4, 2022. The data were merged and processed using a suite of geospatial processing software. This data collection is released as a Raw Data File with an open end-user license. All files can be downloaded from the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys website (http://doi.org/10.14509/31034).
Supplemental_Information:
boundaries:    A boundary, also known as an Area of Interest (AOI) or border, that defines the area covered by the data.	
classified_points:    Classified point cloud data are provided in LAS format. Data are classified following ASPRS 2019 guidelines and contain return and intensity information. For all ground points, the average point spacing is 57.0 cm, and the average density is 3.08 pts/m2. For the 2021 Iron Mountain closeup, the average ground point spacing is 36.4 cm, and the average ground point density is 7.54 pts/m2; for the Iron Mountain 2022 dataset, the average ground point spacing is 58.2 cm, and the average ground point density is 2.95 pts/m2. The Beach Road 2021 closeup has an average ground point spacing of 36.8 cm and an average ground point density of 7.37 pts/m2; for the 2022 Beach Road closeup the average ground point spacing and density were 50.3 cm and 3.95 pts/m2, respectively. Includes a shapefile index of the spatial location and extent of each point cloud (LAS) bin.	
dsm:    The DSM represents surface elevations, including heights of vegetation, buildings, powerlines, etc. The DSM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-centimeter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38 (32-bit, floating-point minimum).	
dtm:    The DTMs represent bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. We produced five DTMs, one 50-cm DTM named DTM and four 20-cm DTMs named DTM_detail_iron_mountain_2021, DTM_detail_iron_mountain_2022, DTM_detail_beach _road_2021, and DTM_detail_beach_road_2022. All DTMs are single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF files. The higher-resolution DTMs were identified as areas of significant ground surface elevation change between October 2021 and October 2022. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38.	
lidar_intensity:    The lidar intensity image describes the relative amplitude of reflected signals contributing to the point cloud. Lidar intensity is primarily a function of scanned object reflectance in relation to the signal frequency, is dependent on ambient conditions, and is not necessarily consistent between separate scans. The intensity image is a single-band, 16-bit unsigned GeoTIFF file of 0.5-meter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Zechmann, J.M., Daanen, R.P., Wikstrom Jones, K.M., and Wolken, G.J., 2024, Lidar-derived elevation data for Haines, Southeast Alaska, collected October 2021 and October 2022: Raw Data File RDF 2023-18, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 16 p.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -136.255703
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -135.294674
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.561386
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.076243
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 24-Oct-2021
    Ending_Date: 04-Oct-2022
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: data
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a raster data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 8
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -135
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0
      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meters
      The horizontal datum used is NAD83 (2011).
      The ellipsoid used is GRS 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
      Altitude_System_Definition:
      Altitude_Datum_Name: NAVD88, GEOID12B
      Altitude_Resolution: 0.001
      Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
      Altitude_Encoding_Method:
      Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    boundaries
    A boundary, also known as an Area of Interest (AOI) or border, that defines the area covered by the data. (Source: DGGS)
    classified_points
    Classified point cloud data are provided in LAS format. Data are classified following ASPRS 2019 guidelines and contain return and intensity information. For all ground points, the average point spacing is 57.0 cm, and the average density is 3.08 pts/m2. For the 2021 Iron Mountain closeup, the average ground point spacing is 36.4 cm, and the average ground point density is 7.54 pts/m2; for the Iron Mountain 2022 dataset, the average ground point spacing is 58.2 cm, and the average ground point density is 2.95 pts/m2. The Beach Road 2021 closeup has an average ground point spacing of 36.8 cm and an average ground point density of 7.37 pts/m2; for the 2022 Beach Road closeup the average ground point spacing and density were 50.3 cm and 3.95 pts/m2, respectively. Includes a shapefile index of the spatial location and extent of each point cloud (LAS) bin. (Source: DGGS)
    dsm
    The DSM represents surface elevations, including heights of vegetation, buildings, powerlines, etc. The DSM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-centimeter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38 (32-bit, floating-point minimum). (Source: DGGS)
    dtm
    The DTMs represent bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. We produced five DTMs, one 50-cm DTM named DTM and four 20-cm DTMs named DTM_detail_iron_mountain_2021, DTM_detail_iron_mountain_2022, DTM_detail_beach _road_2021, and DTM_detail_beach_road_2022. All DTMs are single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF files. The higher-resolution DTMs were identified as areas of significant ground surface elevation change between October 2021 and October 2022. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. (Source: DGGS)
    lidar_intensity
    The lidar intensity image describes the relative amplitude of reflected signals contributing to the point cloud. Lidar intensity is primarily a function of scanned object reflectance in relation to the signal frequency, is dependent on ambient conditions, and is not necessarily consistent between separate scans. The intensity image is a single-band, 16-bit unsigned GeoTIFF file of 0.5-meter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. (Source: DGGS)

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    This survey area is on the traditional homelands of the Tlingit people. This project was funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency grant number EMS-2021-CA-00013. We thank Coastal Helicopters for their aviation expertise and contribution to these data products, and the Alaska Division of Mining, Land and Water for providing ground control points. Additionally, we thank Greg Palmeri of the Alaska Division of Forestry & Fire Protection for his help selecting survey area priorities. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.

Why was the data set created?

The survey provides snow-free surface elevations for assessing landslide hazards and, in two active slide areas, elevation changes between October 2021 and October 2022.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 03-Nov-2021 (process 1 of 3)
    Ground survey - Ground control points were collected by the Alaska Division of Mining, Land and Water (DMLW) during several sessions from November 1-3, 2021. They deployed a Trimble R12 GNSS receiver to provide a base station occupation and real-time kinematic (RTK) corrections to points surveyed with a rover Trimble R12i GNSS receiver (internal antenna). Each survey session covered a specific geographical area. The base station was moved to different sites to remain within 15 km and line-of-sight of the rover. The DMLW collected 322 ground control points and checkpoints to use for calibration and to assess the vertical accuracy of the point cloud. Points were collected in forest, shrubland, bare earth, and paved surfaces.
    Date: 04-Oct-2022 (process 2 of 3)
    Aerial photogrammetric survey - DGGS used a Riegl VUX1-LR laser scanner integrated with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and Northrop Grumman LN-200C inertial measurement unit (IMU) designed by Phoenix LiDAR Systems. The sensor can collect up to 820,000 points per second at a range of up to 150 m. The scanner operated with a pulse refresh rate of 200,000-400,000 pulses per second over forested terrain, and 50,000-100,000 pulses per second over alpine terrain, with a scan rate between 80 and 220 lines per second. We used a Bell Jet Ranger helicopter to survey from an elevation of approximately 50-700 m above ground level, at a ground speed of approximately 30 m/s, and with a scan angle set from 80 to 280 degrees. The total survey area covers approximately 471 km2. The survey area was accessed by air from Haines Airport. See report for data collection start and end times and weather conditions. The 2021 weather conditions were not ideal, and the resultant dataset was not complete. We revisited the area in 2022 to collect additional data in the areas with poor coverage.
    Date: 2022 (process 3 of 3)
    Lidar dataset processing - To produce the final point cloud and whole-area DTM and DSM, we merged point data collected in 2021 with point data collected in 2022. Once data processing was complete, we produced additional detail DTMs by extracting points by year from two specific locations, namely Beach Road and Iron Mountain. We processed point data in SDCimport software for initial filtering and multiple-time-around (MTA) disambiguation. MTA errors, corrected in this process, result from ambiguous interpretations of received pulse time intervals and occur more frequently with higher pulse refresh rates. We processed IMU and GNSS data in Inertial Explorer, and we used Spatial Explorer software to integrate flightline information with the point cloud. We calibrated the point data at an incrementally precise scale of sensor movement and behavior, incorporating sensor velocity, roll, pitch, and yaw fluctuations throughout the survey. We created macros in Terrasolid software and classified points per the American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing (ASPRS) 2019 guidelines (ASPRS, 2019). Once classified, we applied a geometric transformation and converted the points from ellipsoidal heights to GEOID12B (Alaska) orthometric heights. We used ArcGIS Pro to derive raster products from the point cloud. A 50 cm DSM was interpolated from maximum return values from the ground, vegetation, bridge deck, and building classes using a binning method. A 50 cm DTM was interpolated from all ground class returns using a binning method and minimum values. Additionally, four closeup DTMs were created: a 20 cm DTM of the Iron Mountain area using 2021 lidar data; a 20 cm DTM of the Iron Mountain area using 2022 lidar data; a 20 cm DTM of the Beach Road slide using 2021 lidar data; and a 20 cm DTM of the Beach Road slide using 2022 lidar data. All closeup DTMs used triangulation for interpolation. We also produced an intensity image for the entire area using average binning in ArcGIS Pro.
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Daanen, R.P., Herbst, A.M., Wikstrom Jones, K.M., and Wolken, G.J., 2021, High-resolution lidar data for Haines, Southcentral Alaska, December 8-12, 2020: Raw Data File RDF 2021-4, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 8 p
    Wolken, G.J., Wikstrom Jones, K.M., Whorton, E.N., Gould, A.I., and Hendricks, M.D., 2017, Photogrammetric data of the Haines Highway corridor: May 26, 2014: Raw Data File RDF 2017-6, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 20 p

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Not applicable
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    We did not measure horizontal accuracy for this collection.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    We measured a mean offset of -16.5 cm between 257 control points and the point cloud. We reduced this offset to 0.8 cm by performing a rubber-sheet vertical correction of the lidar point data. We used 65 checkpoints to determine the vertical accuracy of the point cloud ground class using a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) approach. We calculated the project vertical accuracy to have a root mean square error (RMSE) of 6.4 cm. We evaluated the relative accuracy for this dataset as the interswath overlap consistency and measured it at 8.6 cm RMSE.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This data relaease is complete.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    There was no over-collect except for aircraft turns that were eliminated from the dataset. Data quality is consistent throughout the survey, save for a strip without coverage due to instrument error in the northern part of the study area, and over some glaciated areas where there were few returns due to ground cover conditions.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? RDF 2023-18
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 09-Feb-2024
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Attn: Simone Montayne
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:

Generated by mp version 2.9.50 on Fri Feb 09 20:56:46 2024