Lidar-derived elevation data for land near Grewingk Glacier and Halibut Cove Lagoon, Southcentral Alaska, collected October 12-13, 2021

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Frequently anticipated questions:


What does this data set describe?

Title:
Lidar-derived elevation data for land near Grewingk Glacier and Halibut Cove Lagoon, Southcentral Alaska, collected October 12-13, 2021
Abstract:
Lidar-derived elevation data for land near Grewingk Glacier and Halibut Cove Lagoon, Southcentral Alaska, collected October 12-13, 2021, Raw Data File 2023-2, uses aerial lidar to produce a classified point cloud, digital surface model (DSM), digital terrain models (DTM), and intensity model of land near Grewingk Glacier and Halibut Cove Lagoon, located in Southcentral Alaska (cover figure). Aerial data were collected October 12-13, 2021, and subsequently processed in a suite of geospatial processing software. Ground control data were collected on October 12, 2021. This data supports a paraglacial rock slope destabilization study at Grewingk Glacier and Grewingk Lake and will be used to assess and characterize an ongoing landslide hazard. All files can be downloaded from the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys website (http://doi.org/10.14509/30958).
Supplemental_Information:
classified_points:    Classified point cloud data are provided in compressed LAZ format. Data are classified in accordance with ASPRS 2019 guidelines (table 1) and contain return and intensity information. For ground points, the average pulse spacing is 52 cm, and the average point density is 3.69 pts/m2.	
dsm:    The DSM represents surface elevations, including heights of vegetation, buildings, powerlines, etc. The DSM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 1-meter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38 (32-bit, floating-point minimum).	
dtm:    The DTM represent bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. the DTM is single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file, of 1-meter resolution. No Data value is set to -9999.	
dtm_detail:    The detailed DTM represents bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation. The DTM is single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file, of 20-cm resolution. This higher-resolution DTM file covers an area identified as a scientific priority.  No Data value is set to -9999.	
lidar_intensity:    The lidar intensity image depicts the relative amplitude of reflected signals contributing to the point cloud. Lidar intensity is primarily a function of scanned object reflectance in relation to the signal frequency, is dependent on ambient conditions, and is not necessarily consistent between separate scans. The intensity image is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file of 1-meter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38.	
lidar_las_index:    The LAS index file is a shapefile with polygons that serve as an index to the spatial location and extent of each point cloud (LAS) bin.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Zechmann, J.M., Wikstrom Jones, Katreen, and Wolken, G.J., 2023, Lidar-derived elevation data for land near Grewingk Glacier and Halibut Cove Lagoon, Southcentral Alaska, collected October 12-13, 2021: Raw Data File RDF 2023-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 11 p.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -151.232799
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -150.928405
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.691498
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.493974
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 12-Oct-2022
    Ending_Date: 13-Oct-2022
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: data
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a raster data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 5
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -153
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0
      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meters
      The horizontal datum used is NAD83 (2011).
      The ellipsoid used is GRS 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
      Altitude_System_Definition:
      Altitude_Datum_Name: NAVD88, GEOID12B
      Altitude_Resolution: 0.001
      Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
      Altitude_Encoding_Method:
      Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    classified_points
    Classified point cloud data are provided in compressed LAZ format. Data are classified in accordance with ASPRS 2019 guidelines (table 1) and contain return and intensity information. For ground points, the average pulse spacing is 52 cm, and the average point density is 3.69 pts/m2. (Source: DGGS)
    dsm
    The DSM represents surface elevations, including heights of vegetation, buildings, powerlines, etc. The DSM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 1-meter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38 (32-bit, floating-point minimum). (Source: DGGS)
    dtm
    The DTM represent bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation, bridges, buildings, etc. the DTM is single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file, of 1-meter resolution. No Data value is set to -9999. (Source: DGGS)
    dtm_detail
    The detailed DTM represents bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation. The DTM is single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file, of 20-cm resolution. This higher-resolution DTM file covers an area identified as a scientific priority. No Data value is set to -9999. (Source: DGGS)
    lidar_intensity
    The lidar intensity image depicts the relative amplitude of reflected signals contributing to the point cloud. Lidar intensity is primarily a function of scanned object reflectance in relation to the signal frequency, is dependent on ambient conditions, and is not necessarily consistent between separate scans. The intensity image is a single-band, 32-bit float GeoTIFF file of 1-meter resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. (Source: DGGS)
    lidar_las_index
    The LAS index file is a shapefile with polygons that serve as an index to the spatial location and extent of each point cloud (LAS) bin. (Source: DGGS)

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    The area of this survey is on the traditional homelands of the Dena'ina people. These data products were funded by RWTH-Aachen University through a grant from the German Research Foundation and the State of Alaska and collected and processed by DGGS. We are grateful to Bretwood 'Hig' Higman for assistance with ground-based surveying. We also thank Clearwater Air for their aviation expertise and contribution to these data products. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.

Why was the data set created?

This data supports a paraglacial rock slope destabilization study at Grewingk Glacier and Grewingk Lake and will be used to assess and characterize an ongoing landslide hazard.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 13-Oct-2022 (process 1 of 3)
    Aerial photogrammetric survey - DGGS used a Riegl VUX1-LR laser scanner integrated with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and Northrop Grumman LN-200C inertial measurement unit (IMU). The lidar integration system was designed by Phoenix LiDAR Systems. The sensor can collect up to 820,000 points per second at a range of up to 150 m. The scanner operated with a pulse refresh rate of 100,000 pulses per second in alpine areas and up to 600,000 pulses per second over forested areas at a scan rate between 100 and 200 lines per second. We used a Cessna 180 fixed-wing platform to survey from an elevation of ~100-500 m above ground level, at a ground speed of ~37 m/s, and with a scan angle set from 80 to 280 degrees. The total survey area covers ~145 km2. On October 12, we departed Homer Airport at 1:20 pm and covered the Grewingk valley from Kachemak Bay to the lower Grewingk Glacier (fig. 1). We landed back at Homer Airport at 4:15 pm. On October 13, we departed Homer Airport at 10:00 am and covered a swath from Halibut Cove and lower Halibut Creek south to the river that drains Wosnesenski Glacier. Our return time to Homer Airport was 1:30 pm. The weather throughout the survey was partly cloudy to overcast.
    Date: 12-Oct-2022 (process 2 of 3)
    Ground survey - We collected ground control and checkpoints on October 12, 2021. We deployed a Trimble R10-2 GNSS receiver with an internal antenna at a temporary benchmark on the Grewingk Glacier fan delta (59 degrees 38 minutes 27.39 seconds N; 151 degrees 12 minutes 13.338 seconds W). It provided a base station occupation and real-time kinematic (RTK) corrections to points we surveyed with a rover Trimble R10-2 GNSS receiver (internal antenna). We collected a total of 178 ground control and checkpoints for calibration and to assess the vertical accuracy of the point cloud. All points were collected on bare earth.
    Date: 2022 (process 3 of 3)
    Lidar dataset processing - We processed point data in SDCimport software for initial filtering and multiple-time-around (MTA) disambiguation. MTA errors, corrected in this process, result from ambiguous interpretations of received pulse time intervals and occur more frequently with higher pulse refresh rates. We processed Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data in Inertial Explorer, and we used Spatial Explorer software to integrate flightline information with the point cloud. We calibrated the point data at an incrementally precise scale of sensor movement and behavior, incorporating sensor velocity, roll, pitch, and yaw fluctuations throughout the survey. We created macros in Terrasolid software and classified points in accordance with American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) 2019 guidelines. Once classified, we applied a geometric transformation and converted the points from ellipsoidal heights to GEOID12B (Alaska) orthometric heights. We used ArcGIS Pro to derive raster products from the point cloud. The DSM was interpolated from maximum return values from the ground, vegetation, and building classes using a binning method. The 1-meter DTM was interpolated from all ground class returns, also using a binning method and minimum values. An additional 20-cm DTM encompassing the northern part of the study area (dashed line in cover image) was produced using triangulation with natural neighbor interpolation. In ArcGIS Pro, we created a 1-meter intensity image by binning and averaging ground, vegetation, and building classes. Using the ArcGIS Pro Pixel Editor, we hydroflattened both DTMs and the DSM. Water surface elevations were preserved where possible, and interpolation artifacts were replaced with average water surface elevations and smoothed using the Pixel Editor blur tool.
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Salisbury, J.B., Daanen, R.P., and Herbst, A.M., 2021, Lidar-derived elevation models for Homer, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2021-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 6 p
    Salisbury, J.B., Herbst, A.M., and Daanen, R.P., 2021, Lidar-derived elevation models for the Grewingk Glacier 1967 landslide scar, Alaska, collected June 3, 2019: Raw Data File RDF 2021-6, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 7 p

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Not applicable
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    We did not measure horizontal accuracy for this collection.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    We achieved a vertical accuracy of 3.9 cm average magnitude offset between the lidar point cloud and 178 ground control points by performing a rubbersheet correction. In addition, we evaluated the relative accuracy for this dataset as the interswath overlap consistency and measured it at 8.0 cm RMSE.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This data relaease is complete.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    This is a complete release dataset. There was no over-collect except for aircraft turns that were eliminated from the dataset. The data quality is consistent throughout the survey, save for two small (~0.1 km2) data gaps located along Halibut Creek and in the southeast corner of the study area.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? RDF 2023-2
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 06-Apr-2023
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Attn: Simone Montayne
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:

Generated by mp version 2.9.50 on Thu Apr 06 18:45:03 2023