The 2008 phreatomagmatic eruption of Okmok Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Chronology, deposits, and landform changes

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What does this data set describe?

Title:
The 2008 phreatomagmatic eruption of Okmok Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Chronology, deposits, and landform changes
Abstract:
Okmok volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, explosively erupted over a five-week period between July 12 and August 23, 2008. The eruption was predominantly phreatomagmatic, producing fine-grained tephra that covered most of northeastern Umnak Island. The eruption had a maximum Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 4, with eruption column heights up to 16 km during the opening phase. Several craters and a master tuff cone formed in the caldera as a result of phreatomagmatic explosions and accumulated tephra-fall and surge deposits. Ascending magma continuously interacted with an extensive shallow groundwater table in the caldera, resulting in the phreatomagmatic character of the eruption. Syneruptive explosion and collapse processes enlarged a pre-existing lake, created a second, entirely new lake, and formed new, deep craters. A field of ephemeral collapse pits and collapse escarpments formed where rapid groundwater withdrawal removed material from beneath capping lava flows. This was the first significant phreatomagmatic event in the U.S. since the Ukinrek Maars eruption in 1977. This digital data release provides GIS files of field station locations and various geographic features described in the accompanying report.
Supplemental_Information:
border:    A polygon shapefile that provides a generalized outline of the geographic area described by this report.
alluvial-channels:    Pre-eruption active alluvial and fluvial channels from field mapping and various source satellite imagery
new-cone-crater-rim:    Outline of new cone Ahmanilix's two crater rims, digitized from a September 22, 2008 Quickbird satellite image
new-cone-region:    Polygon depicting new cone Ahmanilix; digitized from a September 22, 2008 Quickbird satellite image.  The base of cone was digitized from apparent break in slope as interpreted from the September 22, 2008 Quickbird image. Subsequent erosion has changed the shape of the cone dramatically.
new-craters:    Explosion crater rims and collapse crater rims as interpreted from fieldwork, post-eruption satellite images, and syn-eruption Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery.
new-pits:    Polygons outlining syn-eruptive collapse pits; digitized from a September 22, 2008 Quickbird satellite image.
new-vents:    Approximate vent locations interpreted from fieldwork, post-eruption satellite images, and syn-eruption Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. Exact vent locations are uncertain, but are generally interpreted to lie within the region encompassed by the polygon feature.
post-2008-eruption-lakes:    Polygons outlining areas of surface water after the 2008 eruption; digitized from a September 22, 2008 Quickbird satellite image.
pre-2008-eruption-lakes:    Polygons outlining areas of surface water before the 2008 eruption; digitized from September 2000 IKONOS and August 2000 Landsat satellite imagery.
stations:    Field sites visited in August and September of 2008; locations were acquired with hand-held GPS units.
  1. How should this data set be cited?

    Larsen, J.F., Neal, C.A., Schaefer, J.R., Kaufman, A.M., and Lu, Zhong, 2015, The 2008 phreatomagmatic eruption of Okmok Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Chronology, deposits, and landform changes: Report of Investigation RI 2015-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 53 p.

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -168.340761
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -166.463118
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 53.953138
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 53.199696

  3. What does it look like?

  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

    Beginning_Date: 2008
    Ending_Date: 2014
    Currentness_Reference: ground condition

  5. What is the general form of this data set?

    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report and digital data

  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?

    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?

      This is a vector data set.

    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?

      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 2
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -171
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0

      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .01
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .01
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meters

      The horizontal datum used is World Geodetic System of 1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS 84.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257223563.

  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

    ri2015-2-border.shp
    A polygon shapefile that provides a generalized outline of the geographic area described by this report. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory)

    ri2015-2-alluvial-channels.shp
    Pre-eruption active alluvial and fluvial channels from field mapping and various source satellite imagery (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory)

    ri2015-2-new-cone-crater-rim.shp
    Outline of new cone Ahmanilix's two crater rims, digitized from a September 22, 2008 Quickbird satellite image (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory)

    COMMENT
    Notes about the feature (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory staff)

    Notes in the comment field may include feature labels or additional description. If present, blank or null values indicate that labels or additional information were not applicable.

    ri2015-2-new-cone-region.shp
    Polygon depicting new cone Ahmanilix; digitized from a September 22, 2008 Quickbird satellite image. The base of cone was digitized from apparent break in slope as interpreted from the September 22, 2008 Quickbird image. Subsequent erosion has changed the shape of the cone dramatically. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory)

    ri2015-2-new-craters.shp
    Explosion crater rims and collapse crater rims as interpreted from fieldwork, post-eruption satellite images, and syn-eruption Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory)

    COMMENT
    Notes about the feature (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory staff)

    Notes in the comment field may include feature labels or additional description. If present, blank or null values indicate that labels or additional information were not applicable.

    ri2015-2-new-pits.shp
    Polygons outlining syn-eruptive collapse pits; digitized from a September 22, 2008 Quickbird satellite image. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory)

    ri2015-2-new-vents.shp
    Approximate vent locations interpreted from fieldwork, post-eruption satellite images, and syn-eruption Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. Exact vent locations are uncertain, but are generally interpreted to lie within the region encompassed by the polygon feature. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory)

    COMMENT
    Notes about the feature (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory staff)

    Notes in the comment field may include feature labels or additional description. If present, blank or null values indicate that labels or additional information were not applicable.

    ri2015-2-post-2008-eruption-lakes.shp
    Polygons outlining areas of surface water after the 2008 eruption; digitized from a September 22, 2008 Quickbird satellite image. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory)

    COMMENT
    Notes about the feature (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory staff)

    Notes in the comment field may include feature labels or additional description. If present, blank or null values indicate that labels or additional information were not applicable.

    ri2015-2-pre-2008-eruption-lakes.shp
    Polygons outlining areas of surface water before the 2008 eruption; digitized from September 2000 IKONOS and August 2000 Landsat satellite imagery. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory)

    UNIT
    Unit designator from Geologic map of Okmok Volcano, in progress (Source: J. Schaefer, written communication, 2014)

    Features were classified as "lake" or "water."

    COMMENT
    Notes about the feature (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory staff)

    Notes in the comment field may include feature labels or additional description. If present, blank or null values indicate that labels or additional information were not applicable.

    ri2015-2-stations.shp
    Field sites visited in August and September of 2008; locations were acquired with hand-held GPS units. (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory)

    StationID
    Field station identification value (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory staff)

    Unique station id values; the numbering convention is determined by the geologist who provided the description.

    Date_Visit
    Date the site was visited (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory staff)

    Range of values
    Minimum:31-Jul-08
    Maximum:16-Sep-08
    Units:DD-Mon-YY

    Thick_cm
    Thickness, in cm, of the 2009 tephra deposits (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory staff)

    ValueDefinition
    NULLBlank (NULL) values indicate that tephra thickness was not measured at the station or that tephra observations were not applicable to that location.

    Range of values
    Minimum:0.2
    Maximum:1230
    Units:Centimeters

    COMMENT
    Notes about the station (Source: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys and Alaska Volcano Observatory staff)

    Notes in the comment field provide additional description of the location or indicate the type of measurement, sample, or work that was conducted that the station.


Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)

  2. Who also contributed to the data set?

    We dedicate this Report of Investigations to Lonnie Kennedy and the Kennedy family of the Bering Pacific Ranch at Fort Glenn, in appreciation for their generous assistance during our field campaigns, and keen observations of Okmok volcano before, during, and after the 2008 eruption. The authors thank the Kennedy family for permission to use Lonnie's photographs and observations. Rick Wessels and Russ Rykhus are gratefully acknowledged for assistance with FLIR and SAR image acquisition and processing. We also thank helicopter pilots Bill Springer and Kenny Clark for safely flying us around the volcano, often in less than ideal weather, in 2008 and 2010. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the State of Alaska or U.S. Government.

  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?

    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    GIS Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK 99709-3707
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    dggsgis@alaska.gov

    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays


Why was the data set created?

Okmok volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, explosively erupted over a five-week period between July 12 and August 23, 2008. This eruption was the first significant phreatomagmatic event in the U.S. since the Ukinrek Maars eruption in 1977. These digital data files provide field station locations and depict various geographic features described in the accompanying report.


How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

    Date: 2008 (process 1 of 2)
    Geologic field observations and sampling - In response to the 2008 eruption, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) sent field teams to Okmok from July 31 through August 3, 2008, and from September 8 through 15, 2008. Teams gathered helicopter- and ground-based observations, documented new volcanic features and lake changes, and described stream-channel and shoreline modifications created by widespread lahar inundation. Samples and stratigraphic descriptions were collected at 50 locations in the caldera and on the volcano flanks. See Methods section 3.1 of the accompanying report for additional detail.

    Date: 2008 (process 2 of 2)
    Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) analysis - We utilized SAR backscatter intensity images to track surface modification during the course of the 2008 eruption. SAR images were acquired from European Space Agenc's Envisat satellite, a C-band sensor with a wavelength of about 5.6 cm. Terrain-corrected and georeferenced SAR images including delineated features caused by the 2008 eruption were imported into ArcGIS and compared with other geospatial data sets including a pre-eruption DEM, geologic mapping, and post-eruption Quickbird satellite imagery. Using a series of images spanning the timeframe of the eruption, we have interpreted the evolution of vents and other features during the course of activity. See Methods section 3.3 of the accompanying report for additional detail.

  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

    Beget, J.E., Larsen, J.F., Neal, C.A., Nye, C.J., and Schaefer, J.R., 2005, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Okmok Volcano, Umnak Island, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2004-3, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 32 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:150,000
    Schaefer, J.R., 2005, 30-meter shaded relief image of Okmok Volcano, Umnak Island, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2005-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Schaefer, J.R., Larsen, J.F., and Unema, J.A., 2012, Digital elevation model (DEM) and shaded relief image of Okmok Caldera, 2010: Raw Data File RDF 2011-6, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:


How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?

    This DGGS Report of Investigations is a final report of scientific research. It has received technical review by several scientists familiar with the subject matter. Uncertainties associated with the depiction or interpretation of various geospatial features are discussed in the manuscript.

  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?

    Locations were collected by hand-held GPS units or digitized from imagery. Uncertainties associated with the location and extent of various geospatial features are discussed in the manuscript.

  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?

  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?

    This is a final report of scientific research.

  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?

    Not applicable


How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?

Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.

  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)

    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK 99709-3707
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov

    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (<http://www.dggs.alaska.gov>) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?

    RI 2015-2

  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.

  4. How can I download or order the data?


Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 09-Apr-2015
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK 99709-3707
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)

Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:


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