max-flow-depth: Raster image depicting maximum composite flow depths over dry land. Pixel values provide the modeled depth (in meters) of maximum inundation. For each grid point, the pixel value provides the modeled depth of water (in meters) over previously dry land, representing the maximum depth value of all calculated tsunami scenarios. max-inundation: Estimated, "maximum credible scenario" inundation line(s) that encompasses the maximum extent of flooding based on model simulation of all credible source scenarios and historical observations. The maximum credible scenario inundation lines are intended to be utilized as a basis for local tsunami hazard planning and development of evacuation maps. scenarios-haines: Collection of shapefiles that depict the modeled potential maximum inundation by tsunami waves for each Haines modeled scenario. Detailed information about each scenario can be found in the accompanying report. scenarios-skagway: Collection of shapefiles that depict the modeled potential maximum inundation by tsunami waves for each Skagway modeled scenario. Detailed information about each scenario can be found in the accompanying report.
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., and Salisbury, J.B., 2018, Tsunami inundation maps for Skagway and Haines, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2018-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
This is a vector data set.
Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest .000001. Longitudes are given to the nearest .000001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in decimal degrees.
The horizontal datum used is World Geodetic System of 1984.
The ellipsoid used is WGS 84.
The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257223563000025.
This report was funded by Award NA16NWS4670030 by a National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program grant to Alaska Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management and University of Alaska Fairbanks from the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This does not constitute an endorsement by NOAA. Numerical calculations for this work were supported by High Performance Computing (HPC) resources at the Research Computing Systems unit at the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Thoughtful reviews by Stephan Grilli (University of Rhode Island) and Richard Koehler (University of Nevada) improved the report.
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Results presented here are intended to provide guidance to local emergency management agencies in tsunami inundation assessment, evacuation planning, and public education to mitigate future tsunami hazards.
Suleimani, E.N., Hansen, R.A., Combellick, R.A., and Carver, G.A., 2002, Tsunami hazard maps of the Kodiak area, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2002-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Combellick, R.A., Marriott, D., Hansen, R.A., Venturato, A.J., and Newman, J.C., 2005, Tsunami hazard maps of the Homer and Seldovia areas, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2005-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., West, D.A., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, R.A., 2010, Tsunami inundation maps of Seward and northern Resurrection Bay, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2010-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, R.A., 2011, Tsunami inundation maps of Whittier and western Passage Canal, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2011-7, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Wolken, G.J., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, E., 2011, APPENDIX B: Potential rockfall-generated tsunami at Whittier, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2011-7A, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., Haeussler, P.J., Ryan, H.F., Koehler, R.D., Combellick, R.A., and Hansen, R.A., 2013, Tsunami inundation maps of Port Valdez, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2013-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., and Koehler, R.D., 2013, Tsunami inundation maps of Sitka, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2013-3, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., and Koehler, R.D., 2014, Tsunami inundation maps of Cordova and Tatitlek, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2014-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., and Koehler, R.D., 2014, Tsunami inundation maps of the villages of Chenega Bay and northern Sawmill Bay, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2014-3, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., and Koehler, R.D., 2015, Tsunami inundation maps of Elfin Cove, Gustavus, and Hoonah, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2015-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., Freymueller, J.T., and Koehler, R.D., 2015, Tsunami inundation maps of Fox Islands communities, including Dutch Harbor and Akutan, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2015-5, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., Koehler, R.D., Freymueller, J.T., and Macpherson, A.E., 2016, Tsunami inundation maps for King Cove and Cold Bay communities, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2016-1, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., and Koehler, R.D., 2016, Tsunami inundation maps for Yakutat, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2016-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., and Koehler, R.D., 2016, Tsunami inundation map for the village of Nikolski, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2016-7, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., and Koehler, R.D., 2016, Tsunami inundation maps for the communities of Chignik and Chignik Lagoon, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2016-8, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., Koehler, R.D., and Salisbury, J.B., 2017, Regional tsunami hazard assessment for Andreanof Islands, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2017-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., and Koehler, R.D., 2017, Tsunami inundation maps for the city of Sand Point, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2017-3, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., Freymueller, J.T., and Koehler, R.D., 2017, Potential maximum permanent flooding maps for Unalaska and Akutan, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2015-5A, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., and Koehler, R.D., 2017, Updated tsunami inundation maps of the Kodiak area, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2017-8, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., Koehler, R.D., and Salisbury, J.B., 2017, Tsunami inundation maps for Juneau, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2017-9, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., and Koehler, R.D., 2017, Potential maximum permanent flooding maps for Chenega, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2014-3A, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., and Koehler, R.D., 2017, Potential maximum permanent flooding maps for the communities of Chignik and Chignik Lagoon, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2016-8A, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Nicolsky, D.J., Suleimani, E.N., and Salisbury, J.B., 2018, Tsunami inundation maps for Skagway and Haines, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2018-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., and Salisbury, J.B., 2018, Updated tsunami inundation maps for Homer and Seldovia, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2018-5, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.Online Links:
The maps showing the results of our modeling have been completed using the best information available and are believed to be accurate, however, their preparation required many assumptions. We described several scenarios and provide an estimate of maximum credible tsunami inundation. Actual conditions during a tsunami event may vary from those considered, so the accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The limits of inundation shown should be used only as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual areas inundated will depend on specifics of the earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and they may differ from areas shown on the map. The information on this map is intended to provide a basis for state and local agencies to plan emergency evacuation and tsunami response actions in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for land-use regulation or building-code development. This DGGS Report of Investigations is a final report of scientific research. Several scientists familiar with the subject matter provided technical reviews. Uncertainties associated with the depiction or interpretation of various features are discussed in the manuscript.
The hydrodynamic model used to calculate propagation and runup of tsunami waves is a nonlinear, flux-formulated, shallow-water model that has passed the validation and verification tests required for models used in production of tsunami inundation maps. The uncertainties in tsunami modeling include bottom friction, presence or absence of buildings and vegetation in DEMs, the time delay between the observed and computed tsunami arrivals discussed above, the lack of horizontal deformation in the displacement models, and assumption of instantaneous displacement. The tsunami scenarios that we calculate in this report are considered to be sufficient to capture the worst-case tsunami event, but there are still an infinite number of possible slip distributions. Further details about the limitations of the employed modeling approach are described in earlier reports by Suleimani and others and Nicolsky and others, as well as in National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program guidelines. The accuracy of the later waves is limited by the accuracies of the bathymetry and coastline that are outside the extent of the high-resolution DEM but still impact the modeling. See accompanying report for more detail.
The vertical accuracy of the inundation modeling is dependent on the accuracy and resolution of the digital elevation models (DEMs) and tidal datum values that were used to compile the computational grid. We provide additional details about DEM and grid development in the accompanying report. Prior to scenario modeling, bathymetric data were shifted to use Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) as the vertical datum. The depths of inundation shown should be used only as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual inundation water depth will depend on specifics of the earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and they may differ from areas shown by this data. The information is intended to permit state and local agencies to plan emergency evacuation and tsunami response actions in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for land-use regulation or building-code development. For additional information please reference the sources of errors and uncertainties section of the associated manuscript.
The results of our modeling have been completed using the best information available and are believed to be accurate; however, their preparation required many assumptions and actual conditions during a tsunami event may vary from those considered.
Model validation for this report included comparison of the modeled results to observations that were recorded during historic events.
Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
- Access_Constraints:
- This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
- Use_Constraints:
- This dataset includes results of numerical modeling of earthquake-generated tsunami waves for a specific community. Modeling was completed using the best information and tsunami modeling software available at the time of analysis. They are numerical solutions and, while they are believed to be accurate, their ultimate accuracy during an actual tsunami will depend on the specifics of earth deformations, on-land construction, tide level, and other parameters at the time of the tsunami. Actual areas of inundation may differ from areas shown in this dataset. Landslide tsunami sources may not be included in the modeling due to unknown potential impact of such events on a given community; please refer to accompanying report for more information on tsunami sources used for this study. The limits of inundation shown should only be used as a general guideline for emergency planning and response action in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for any other use, including land-use regulation or actuarial purposes. Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
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RI 2018-2
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| Data format: | Shapefiles, Raster data |
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| Network links: |
<http://doi.org/10.14509/30029> |
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