Landslide hazard susceptibility mapping in Homer, Alaska

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What does this data set describe?

Title: Landslide hazard susceptibility mapping in Homer, Alaska
Abstract:
Landslide hazard susceptibility mapping in Homer, Alaska, Report of Investigation 2024-3, provides a map and database of historical and prehistoric slope failures, maps of shallow and deep-seated landslide susceptibility, and a map of simulated debris flow runouts for the City of Homer, Alaska and nearby populated areas including Kachemak City and Millers Landing. The landslide inventory map integrates existing maps of landslides caused by the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake and newly mapped slope failures identified in sequences of aerial photos since 1950 and high-resolution light detection and ranging (lidar) data collected for this project. The Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) staff created a shallow landslide susceptibility map following protocols like those developed by the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, which includes incorporating landslide inventory data, geotechnical soil properties, and lidar-derived topographic slope to calculate the Factor of Safety (FOS), which serves as a proxy for landslide susceptibility. Debris flow runout extents were generated using the model Laharz, which simulates runout extents based on catchment-specific physical parameters (e.g., hypothetical sediment volumes). Data from these analyses are collectively intended to depict locations where landslides are relatively more likely to occur or are relatively more likely to travel. The results provide important hazard information that can help guide planning and future risk investigations. The maps are not intended to predict slope failures and are site-specific; detailed investigations should be conducted before development in vulnerable areas. Results are for informational purposes and are not intended for legal, engineering, or surveying uses. These data and the interpretive maps and report are available from the DGGS website: http://doi.org/10.14509/31155.
Supplemental_Information:
scarps_lidar:    Feature class containing landslide head scarp lines identified and digitized based on geomorphological characteristics in the high-resolution 2019 lidar data.	
deposits_lidar:    Feature class containing polygons outlining the extent of landslide deposits identified in the high-resolution 2019 lidar data.		
deposits_photo:    Slope failures identified in georeferenced aerial images.	
runouts:    Feature dataset collection of feature classes that provide categorical volume and dimensions of modeled hypothetical debris flow runouts from steep catchments in the Homer area. Runout zones are computed using LaharZ (Iverson and others, 1998; Schilling, 1998), and debris flow material characteristics are from Griswold and Iverson (2008). Volumes for runout zone modeling were estimated per catchment based on percentages (5, 10, 25 percent) of the total volume of topsoil in the catchment, as well as the percentage of catchment identified as having sustained slope failure in the historical period. Estimated points beyond which sediments are deposited are based on the geomorphological characteristics of each catchment.	
FOS-5m:    Raster image data model of the relationship between shear forces acting to move material downslope and forces acting to resist downslope movement. This model was used as a proxy for shallow landslide susceptibility.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Salisbury, J.B., 2024, Landslide hazard susceptibility mapping in Homer, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2024-3, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 21 p., 3 sheets
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -151.732814
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -151.372943
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.709401
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.598718
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Calendar_Date: 1964
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: geodatabase, raster
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a raster data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 5
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -153
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0
      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest .00000001
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meters
      The horizontal datum used is NAD83 (2011).
      The ellipsoid used is GRS 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    scarps_lidar
    Feature class containing landslide head scarp lines identified and digitized based on geomorphological characteristics in the high-resolution 2019 lidar data. (Source: DGGS)
    Age
    Estimated year of occurrence of mapped landslides, if applicable. Known 1964 landslide scarps are those that are identified in the geomorphology that are coincident with post-1964 landslides mapped by Waller, 1966. (Source: this report) text
    Name
    Mostly N/A, except for the deep-seated Bluff Point landslide. (Source: this report) text
    Shape_Length
    Geodesic length of digitized headscarp line in meters. (Source: this report) number
    Scarp_Type
    Denotes whether a feature is a landslide head scarp or an intermediate scarp (a scarp within a landslide body. (Source: this report) text
    deposits_lidar
    Feature class containing polygons outlining the extent of landslide deposits identified in the high-resolution 2019 lidar data. (Source: DGGS)
    Age
    Estimated year of occurrence of mapped landslide deposits, if applicable. Known 1964 landslide deposits are those that are identified in the geomorphology that are coincident with post-1964 landslides mapped by Waller, 1966. (Source: this report) text
    Shape_Length
    Geodesic length of landslide deposit perimeter in meters (Source: this report) number
    Shape_Area
    Geodesic area of landslide deposit polygon in square meters (Source: this report) number
    deposits_photo
    Slope failures identified in georeferenced aerial images. (Source: DGGS)
    Age
    Date range during which the slope failure occurred, based on collection dates of various sets of aerial images. (Source: this report) text
    Shape_Length
    Geodesic length of landslide deposit perimeter in meters. (Source: this report) number
    Shape_Area
    Geodesic area of landslide deposit polygon in square meters. (Source: this report) number
    runouts
    Feature dataset collection of feature classes that provide categorical volume and dimensions of modeled hypothetical debris flow runouts from steep catchments in the Homer area. Runout zones are computed using LaharZ (Iverson and others, 1998; Schilling, 1998), and debris flow material characteristics are from Griswold and Iverson (2008). Volumes for runout zone modeling were estimated per catchment based on percentages (5, 10, 25 percent) of the total volume of topsoil in the catchment, as well as the percentage of catchment identified as having sustained slope failure in the historical period. Estimated points beyond which sediments are deposited are based on the geomorphological characteristics of each catchment. (Source: DGGS)
    Value
    Calculated volumes for runout zone modeling. The values are estimated per catchment and based on percentages (5, 10, 25% or "map" which is the volume of soil mapped in shallow landslides since 1952) of the total volume of topsoil in the catchment, as well as the percentage of catchment identified as having sustained slope failure in the historical period. (Source: this report) number
    Shape_Length
    Geodesic length of modeled hypothetical debris flow runout perimeter in meters. (Source: this report) number
    Shape_Area
    Geodesic area of modeled hypothetical debris flow runout polygon in square meters. (Source: this report) number
    ri2024-3-homer-ls-hz-FOS-5m.tif
    Raster image data model of the relationship between shear forces acting to move material downslope and forces acting to resist downslope movement. This model was used as a proxy for shallow landslide susceptibility. (Source: DGGS)

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    DGGS collected and processed lidar for use in this landslide hazard resiliency project for the City of Homer, funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) through Cooperating Technical Partnership (CTP) with the City of Homer and DGGS under federal grant number CTP EMS-2018- CA-00016-S01. DGGS thanks the Homer Planning Commission for guidance throughout the multi-year project and Jonathan Godt, Rich Buzard, and Bretwood Higman for constructive reviews that significantly improved this manuscript. We also thank Amy Macpherson for GIS support and Kristen Janssen for designing the report layout.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.

Why was the data set created?

This study provides a regional evaluation of landslide hazards in and around the City of Homer. The study aims to help the community better understand landslide hazards, inform mitigation efforts, guide future development activities, and protect public safety.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2019 (process 1 of 5)
    Lidar Acquisition and Processing - DGGS used lidar point cloud data to produce a high-resolution (1.6 ft [0.5 m]) digital terrain model (DTM) and a digital surface model (DSM) for Homer (Salisbury and others, 2021). The DTM, also known as a bare-earth elevation model, was essential for identifying landslide geomorphology beneath dense vegetation, confirming evidence of landslide activity identified in aerial photograph sequences, making FOS calculations, and modeling potential debris flow runouts.
    Date: 2021 (process 2 of 5)
    Landslide Inventory - The comprehensive landslide inventory presented here spans 1952-2019 and was generated by (1) collecting and organizing existing information about previously identified landslides; (2) obtaining, georeferencing, and analyzing sets of aerial photographs since 1952; (3) acquiring, processing, and analyzing high-resolution lidar elevation data; (4) compiling all landslide information into a geodatabase; and (5) generating a landslide inventory map.
    Date: 2021 (process 3 of 5)
    Shallow Landslide Susceptibility - We estimated the FOS for shallow landslides, or earthflows, that are approximately the thickness of the mapped soil column (~5 ft [1.25 m] or less, USDA NRCS, 2005). Data were processed using methods described in the accompanying report.
    Date: 2021 (process 4 of 5)
    Deep-Seated Landslide Susceptibility - Deep-seated landslides involve the failure of materials, as the name implies, several tens of feet below layers of active soil and the uppermost weathered bedrock in an area. We estimated the FOS for Deep-seated landslides using methods described in the accompanying report.
    Date: 2021 (process 5 of 5)
    Debris Flow Runout Modeling - We used LaharZ, a computer model developed by Schilling (1998) for the U.S. Geological Survey, to simulate the behavior and forecast areas likely to be inundated by hypothetical future debris flow events. For all hypothetical runouts, we used ArcGIS Pro focal statistics and conditional tools to smooth the results.
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Buzard, R.M., 2021, Photogrammetry-derived historical orthoimagery for Homer, Alaska from 1951, 1952, 1964, and 1985: Raw Data File RDF 2021-21, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 10 p
    Buzard, R.M., and Overbeck, J.R., 2022, Coastal bluff stability assessment for Homer, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2022-5, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 22 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:50,000
    Reger, R.D., 1978, Bluff Point landslide, a massive ancient rock failure near Homer, Alaska: Geologic Report GR 61B, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: p. 5-9
    Salisbury, J.B., Daanen, R.P., and Herbst, A.M., 2021, Lidar-derived elevation models for Homer, Alaska: Raw Data File RDF 2021-2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 6 p
    Suleimani, E.N., Nicolsky, D.J., and Salisbury, J.B., 2019, Updated tsunami inundation maps for Homer and Seldovia, Alaska: Report of Investigation RI 2018-5 v. 2, Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 97 p., 11 sheets

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    The slope failure inventory, shallow landslide susceptibility, modeled debris flow runout map, and integrated results maps were developed using the best available data; however, there are inherent limitations. The intended use of these data products is to help identify the relative slope failure risk in and around Homer, provide a basis for regional planning and increased resiliency, and help identify localities where more detailed slope failure hazard mapping is warranted. Maps are not intended for use at scales other than the published map data scale. The accompanying report provides a complete list of specific limitations and potential sources of error.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    DGGS used lidar point cloud data to produce a high-resolution (1.6 ft [0.5 m]) digital terrain model (DTM) and a digital surface model (DSM) for Homer (Salisbury and others, 2021). The DTM, also known as a bare-earth elevation model, was essential for identifying landslide geomorphology beneath dense vegetation, confirming evidence of landslide activity identified in aerial photograph sequences, making FOS calculations, and modeling potential debris flow runouts. The positional accuracy the slope failure inventory, factor of safety, debris flow runout models were developed using the best available data; however, there are inherent limitations to the calculated and interpreted feature extents. The accompanying report provides a complete discussion of specific limitations and potential sources of error.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This data release is complete.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Not applicable

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints:
This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints:
Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
    Metadata Manager
    3354 College Road
    Fairbanks, AK
    USA

    (907)451-5020 (voice)
    (907)451-5050 (FAX)
    dggspubs@alaska.gov
    Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
    Contact_Instructions:
    Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible.
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? RI 2024-3
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 05-Apr-2024
Metadata author:
Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Attn: Simone Montayne
Metadata Manager
3354 College Road
Fairbanks, AK
USA

(907)451-5020 (voice)
(907)451-5050 (FAX)
dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
Metadata extensions used:

Generated by mp version 2.9.50 on Fri Apr 05 19:22:09 2024