Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Zechmann, J.M. Originator: Herbst, A.M. Originator: Buzard, R.M. Originator: Wikstrom Jones, K.M. Originator: Wolken, G.J. Publication_Date: 2024 Title: Lidar-derived elevation data for Napakiak, Southwest Alaska, collected August 20, 2022 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: data Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2024-12 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 9 p. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/31258 Description: Abstract: Lidar-derived elevation data for Napakiak, Southwest Alaska, collected August 20, 2022, Raw Data File 2024-12, provides aerial lidar-derived classified point cloud data, a digital surface model (DSM), a digital terrain model (DTM), and an intensity model of Napakiak, Southwest Alaska, during leaf-on conditions. The survey provides snow-free surface elevations for flooding hazard assessment and coastal erosion studies. Ground control data were collected October 8, 2020, and aerial lidar data were collected August 20, 2021, and subsequently merged and processed using a suite of geospatial processing software. This data collection is released as a Raw Data File with an open end-user license. All files can be downloaded from the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys website (http://doi.org/10.14509/31258). Purpose: The survey provides snow-free surface elevations for flooding hazard assessment and coastal erosion studies. Supplemental_Information: >boundaries: A boundary, also known as an Area of Interest (AOI) or border, that defines the area covered by the data. Also includes footprints for tiled data. >classified_points: Classified point cloud data are provided in LAZ format. Data are classified following ASPRS 2019 guidelines and contain return and intensity information. For classified ground points, the average point density is 1.83 pts/m2, and the average spacing is 74.0 cm. >dsm: The DSM represents surface elevations, including heights of vegetation, buildings, powerlines, bridge decks, etc. The DSM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38 (32-bit, floating-point minimum). >dtm: The DTM represents bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation, bridge decks, buildings, etc. The DTM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. >lidar_intensity: The lidar intensity image describes the relative amplitude of reflected signals contributing to the point cloud. Lidar intensity is (1) primarily a function of scanned object reflectance in relation to the signal frequency, (2) dependent on ambient conditions, and (3) not necessarily consistent between separate scans. The intensity image is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 20210820 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -162.037105 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -161.948776 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.704594 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 60.673202 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Theme_Keyword: Coastal Theme_Keyword: Coastal Erosion Theme_Keyword: Coastal Plain Theme_Keyword: Coastal and River Theme_Keyword: DGGS Theme_Keyword: Digital Elevation Model Theme_Keyword: Digital Surface Model (DSM) Theme_Keyword: Digital Terrain Model Theme_Keyword: Elevation Theme_Keyword: Emergency Preparedness Theme_Keyword: Engineering Theme_Keyword: Engineering Geology Theme_Keyword: Environment Theme_Keyword: Erosion Theme_Keyword: Flood Theme_Keyword: Floodplain Theme_Keyword: Geologic Theme_Keyword: Geologic Hazards Theme_Keyword: Geological Process Theme_Keyword: Geology Theme_Keyword: Geomorphology Theme_Keyword: Geophysics Theme_Keyword: Geotechnical Theme_Keyword: Hazards Theme_Keyword: LiDAR Theme_Keyword: LiDAR Intensity Image Theme_Keyword: LiDAR LAS File Format Theme_Keyword: Point Cloud Data Theme_Keyword: Raster Image Theme_Keyword: Remote Sensing Theme_Keyword: River Erosion Theme_Keyword: Surface Theme_Keyword: Surficial Theme_Keyword: Surficial Geology Theme_Keyword: Topography Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Place_Keyword: Kuskokwim River Place_Keyword: Napakiak Place_Keyword: Southwest Alaska Access_Constraints: This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below). Use_Constraints: Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Contact_Instructions: Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible. Data_Set_Credit: This survey area is on the traditional homelands of the Yup'ik people. This work was funded by the National Coastal Resilience Fund and collected and processed by DGGS. We thank Clearwater Air for their aviation expertise and contribution to these data products. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors. They should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Buzard, R.M. Originator: Christian, J.E. Originator: Overbeck, J.R. Publication_Date: 2021 Title: Photogrammetry-derived orthoimagery and elevation for Napakiak, Alaska, collected June 30, 2021 Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2021-20 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 4 p Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/30793 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Buzard, R.M. Originator: Overbeck, J.R. Originator: Miller, K.Y. Originator: Christian, J.E. Publication_Date: 2021 Title: Coastal flood impact assessments for Alaska communities: Napakiak Series_Information: Series_Name: Report of Investigation Issue_Identification: RI 2021-1B Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 45 p Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/30782 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Overbeck, J.R. Originator: Christian, J.E. Originator: Buzard, R.M. Publication_Date: 2021 Title: Single-beam bathymetry data near Napakiak, Alaska, collected June 2021 Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2021-15 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 6 p Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/30765 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Not applicable Logical_Consistency_Report: DGGS visually inspected the images for data errors such as shifts, seamline mismatches, and water noise overlapping land. Data quality is consistent throughout the survey. Completeness_Report: This is a full-release dataset. There was no over-collect, and data quality is consistent throughout the survey, save for gaps over bodies of water. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Horizontal accuracy was not measured for this collection. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: We measured a mean offset of -1.45 m between 62 control points and the point cloud. This offset was reduced to -0.7 cm in non-vegetated areas and +18.4 cm in vegetated areas by applying a constant vertical correction to the lidar point data. We used 17 checkpoints to determine the non-vegetated vertical accuracy of the point cloud ground class using a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) approach. The project's non-vegetated vertical accuracy has a root mean square error (RMSE) of 7.1 cm. Thirteen additional checkpoints were used to calculate the vegetated vertical accuracy, which has an RMSE of 22.2 cm. We evaluated the relative accuracy for this dataset as the interswath overlap consistency and measured it at 5.8 cm RMSE. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Ground survey - Ground control points were collected on October 8, 2020. We deployed a base Trimble R10 GNSS receiver to provide a base station occupation and real-time kinematic (RTK) corrections to points we surveyed with a rover Trimble R10 GNSS receiver/Mesa3 controller. Napakiak Airport served as the base station location. We collected 92 ground control points and checkpoints to use for calibration and to assess the vertical accuracy of the point cloud. Checkpoints were collected on bare earth and in vegetation. Process_Date: 20201008 Process_Step: Process_Description: Aerial survey - DGGS used a Riegl VUX1-LR laser scanner integrated with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and Northrop Grumman LN-200C inertial measurement unit (IMU) designed by Phoenix LiDAR Systems. The sensor can collect a maximum of 820,000 points per second at a range of 215 m or a minimum of 50,000 points per second at a range of 820 m (ranges assume ≥ 20% natural reflectance). The scanner operated with a pulse refresh rate of 400,000 pulses per second, with a scan rate of 200 revolutions per second. We used a Cessna 180 Skywagon fixed-wing platform to survey from an elevation of approximately 180-230 m above ground level, at a ground speed of approximately 40 m/s, and with a scan angle set from 80 to 280 degrees. The total survey area covers approximately 9.9 km2. The survey area was accessed by air from Bethel Airport. Data collection occurred between 10:40 am and 11:00 am (AST), and the weather throughout the survey was partly cloudy. Process_Date: 20210820 Process_Step: Process_Description: Lidar dataset processing - We processed point data in Spatial Explorer for initial filtering and multiple-time-around (MTA) disambiguation. MTA errors, corrected in this process, result from ambiguous interpretations of received pulse time intervals and occur more frequently with higher pulse refresh rates. IMU and GNSS data were processed in Inertial Explorer, and flightline information was integrated with the point cloud in Spatial Explorer. We calibrated the point data at an incrementally precise scale of sensor movement and behavior, incorporating sensor velocity, roll, pitch, and yaw fluctuations throughout the survey. For the lidar data collection, the average pulse density is 8.95 pulses/m2, and the average pulse spacing is 33.4 cm. We created macros in Terrasolid software and classified points in accordance with the American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing (ASPRS) 2019 guidelines (ASPRS, 2019). Once classified, we applied a geometric transformation and converted the points from ellipsoidal heights to GEOID12B (Alaska) orthometric heights. Raster products were derived from the point cloud in ArcGIS Pro. A 50-cm DSM was interpolated from maximum return values from ground, vegetation, bridge deck, and building classes using a binning method. A 50-cm DTM was interpolated from all ground class returns using a binning method and minimum values. We also produced a 50-cm intensity image for the entire area using average binning in ArcGIS Pro, with no normalization or corrections applied. Process_Date: 2024 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: raster Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 4 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -159 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: .00000001 Ordinate_Resolution: .00000001 Planar_Distance_Units: Meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: NAD83 (2011) Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: NAVD88, GEOID12B Altitude_Resolution: 0.001 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: boundaries Entity_Type_Definition: A boundary, also known as an Area of Interest (AOI) or border, that defines the area covered by the data. Also includes footprints for tiled data. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: boundaries Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: classified_points Entity_Type_Definition: Classified point cloud data are provided in LAZ format. Data are classified following ASPRS 2019 guidelines and contain return and intensity information. For classified ground points, the average point density is 1.83 pts/m2, and the average spacing is 74.0 cm. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: classified_points Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: dsm Entity_Type_Definition: The DSM represents surface elevations, including heights of vegetation, buildings, powerlines, bridge decks, etc. The DSM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38 (32-bit, floating-point minimum). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: dsm Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: dtm Entity_Type_Definition: The DTM represents bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation, bridge decks, buildings, etc. The DTM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: dtm Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: lidar_intensity Entity_Type_Definition: The lidar intensity image describes the relative amplitude of reflected signals contributing to the point cloud. Lidar intensity is (1) primarily a function of scanned object reflectance in relation to the signal frequency, (2) dependent on ambient conditions, and (3) not necessarily consistent between separate scans. The intensity image is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: lidar_intensity Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Contact_Instructions: Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible. Resource_Description: RDF 2024-12 Distribution_Liability: The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: DGGS publications are available as free online downloads or you may purchase paper hard-copies or digital files on CD/DVD or other digital storage media by mail, phone, fax, or email from the DGGS Fairbanks office. To purchase this or other printed reports and maps, contact DGGS by phone (907-451-5020), e-mail (dggspubs@alaska.gov), or fax (907-451-5050). Payment accepted: Cash, check, money order, VISA, or MasterCard. Turnaround time is 1-2 weeks unless special arrangements are made and an express fee is paid. Shipping charge will be the actual cost of postage and will be added to the total amount due. Contact us for the exact shipping amount. Fees: Contact DGGS for current pricing Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: data Format_Version_Date: 20240702 Format_Information_Content: boundaries, classified points, dsm, dtm and lidar intensity Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.14509/31258 Fees: Free download Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20240702 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Person: Simone Montayne Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Use_Constraints: If the user has modified the data in any way they are obligated to describe the types of modifications they have performed in the supporting metadata file. User specifically agrees not to imply that changes they made were approved by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources or Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: https://dggs.alaska.gov/metadata/dggs.ext Profile_Name: dggs metadata extensions