Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Zechmann, J.M. Originator: Wolken, G.J. Originator: Wikstrom Jones, K.M. Publication_Date: 2025 Title: Lidar-derived elevation data for Barry Arm, Southcentral Alaska, collected September 19, 2023 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: data Series_Information: Series_Name: Raw Data File Issue_Identification: RDF 2025-8 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 9 p. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/31520 Description: Abstract: Lidar-derived elevation data for Barry Arm, Southcentral Alaska, collected September 19, 2023, Raw Data File 2025-8, releases classified point cloud, digital terrain model (DTM), and an intensity model of Barry Arm, Southcentral Alaska, during leaf-on conditions. The survey provides snow-free surface elevations for use in landslide change detection. Aerial lidar data were collected on September 19, 2023, and ground control data were collected on August 2, 2021, and May 5, 2023, and subsequently merged and processed using a suite of geospatial processing software. This data collection is released as a Raw Data File with an open end-user license. All files can be downloaded from the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys website (http://doi.org/10.14509/31520). Purpose: The survey provides snow-free surface elevations for use in landslide change detection. Supplemental_Information: >boundaries: A boundary, also known as an Area of Interest (AOI) or border, that defines the area covered by the data. Also includes footprints for tiled data. >classified_points: Classified point cloud data are provided in LAZ format. Data are classified following ASPRS 2019 guidelines and contain return and intensity information. For classified ground points, the average point density is 4.8 pts/m2, and the average spacing is 45.5 cm. >dsm: The DSM represents surface elevations, including heights of vegetation. The DSM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 20-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38 (32-bit, floating-point minimum). >dtm: The DTM represents bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation. The DTM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 20-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. >lidar_intensity: The lidar intensity image describes the relative amplitude of reflected signals contributing to the point cloud. Lidar intensity is: (1) primarily a function of scanned object reflectance in relation to the signal frequency, (2) dependent on ambient conditions, and (3) not necessarily consistent between separate scans. The intensity image is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 20230505 Ending_Date: 20230919 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -148.184621 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -148.091447 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 61.181259 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 61.116887 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Theme_Keyword: Aerial Theme_Keyword: Aerial Geology Theme_Keyword: Aerial Photography Theme_Keyword: Debris Avalanche Theme_Keyword: Debris Flow Theme_Keyword: DGGS Theme_Keyword: Digital Elevation Model Theme_Keyword: Digital Surface Model (DSM) Theme_Keyword: Digital Terrain Model Theme_Keyword: Elevation Theme_Keyword: Engineering Theme_Keyword: Engineering Geology Theme_Keyword: Geologic Theme_Keyword: Geologic Hazards Theme_Keyword: Geological Process Theme_Keyword: Geology Theme_Keyword: Geomorphology Theme_Keyword: Geotechnical Theme_Keyword: Glacial Theme_Keyword: Glacial Deposits Theme_Keyword: Glacial Geology Theme_Keyword: Glacial Geomorphology Theme_Keyword: Glacial Processes Theme_Keyword: Hazards Theme_Keyword: Landslide Theme_Keyword: Landslide Susceptibility Theme_Keyword: LiDAR Theme_Keyword: Point Cloud Data Theme_Keyword: Remote Sensing Theme_Keyword: Rock Avalanche Theme_Keyword: Rockfall Theme_Keyword: Slope Theme_Keyword: Slope Instability Theme_Keyword: Surface Theme_Keyword: Surficial Theme_Keyword: Surficial Geology Theme_Keyword: Topography Theme_Keyword: Tsunami Theme_Keyword: Unconsolidated Deposits Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Place_Keyword: Barry Arm Place_Keyword: Southcentral Alaska Access_Constraints: This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below). Use_Constraints: Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Contact_Instructions: Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible. Data_Set_Credit: This work was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey grant # G21AC10362-00. We thank Clearwater Air for their expertise and contribution to these data products and Melanie Werdon for her review. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Government. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Stevens, D.S.P. Originator: Wolken, G.J. Originator: Hubbard, T.D. Originator: Hendricks, K.A. Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Landslides in Alaska Series_Information: Series_Name: Information Circular Issue_Identification: IC 65 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 2 p Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/29849 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Stevens, D.S.P. Publication_Date: 2019 Title: The Engineering Geology section at DGGS Series_Information: Series_Name: Information Circular Issue_Identification: IC 76 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 2 p Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/30122 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Timm, Kristin Originator: Wolken, G.J. Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Deglacierization and the development of glacier-related hazards Series_Information: Series_Name: Information Circular Issue_Identification: IC 63 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 3 p Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/29752 Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: Wolken, G.J. Originator: Hendricks, K.A. Originator: Daanen, R.P. Originator: Overbeck, J.R. Originator: Stevens, D.S.P. Originator: Masterman, S.S. Publication_Date: 2017 Title: Alaska & climate change Series_Information: Series_Name: Information Circular Issue_Identification: IC 64 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 2 p Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/29781 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Not applicable Logical_Consistency_Report: DGGS visually inspected the data for errors such as shifts, seamline mismatches, and water noise overlapping land. Data quality is consistent throughout the survey, save for gaps over areas of snow or in very thick vegetation between flightlines. There was no over-collect. Completeness_Report: This is a full-release dataset. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Horizontal accuracy was not measured for this collection. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: We measured a mean elevation offset of +46.7 cm between 35 control points and the point cloud. This offset was reduced to -1.9 cm by applying a constant vertical correction to the lidar point data. We used 34 checkpoints to determine the vertical accuracy of the point cloud ground class using a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) approach. The project's vertical accuracy has a root mean square error (RMSE) of 9.9 cm. We evaluated the relative accuracy for this dataset as the interswath overlap consistency and measured it at 7.0 cm RMSE. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: Ground survey - Ground control points were collected August 2, 2021, and May 5, 2023. For the 2021 collection, we deployed a Trimble R10-2 GNSS base receiver to provide a base station occupation and real-time kinematic (RTK) corrections to points we surveyed with a rover Trimble R10-2 GNSS receiver/Mesa controller. The ridgetop between Cascade Glacier and Barry Arm served as the base station location (cover figure). We collected 105 ground control points and checkpoints across the survey area to use for calibration and to assess the vertical accuracy of point clouds generated from multiple repeat Barry Arm surveys; 56 of these points were used for this lidar acquisition, and the remainder were excluded due to insufficient pointcloud overlap. For the 2023 collection, we deployed a Trimble R10-2 GNSS base receiver and surveyed points with a rover Trimble R10-2 GNSS receiver/Mesa controller. A bedrock island in Barry Arm served as the base station location (cover figure). We collected 130 ground control points and checkpoints across the survey area, 13 of which were used for this lidar acquisition, while the remainder were excluded due to insufficient point cloud overlap or the presence of snow at the time of the ground survey. The checkpoints and ground control points used for this lidar survey were collected on bare earth. Process_Date: 20240720 Process_Step: Process_Description: Aerial survey - DGGS used a Riegl VUX1-LR22 laser scanner with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and Northrop Grumman LN-200C inertial measurement unit (IMU) integrated by Phoenix LiDAR Systems. The sensor can collect a maximum of 1,500,000 points/second at a range of 230 m, or a minimum of 50,000 points/second at 1000 m (ranges assume greater than or equal to 20 percent natural reflectance). The scanner operated with a pulse refresh rate of 400,000 pulses/second at a scan rate of 130 revolutions/second. We used a Cessna 180 Skywagon fixed-wing platform to survey from an elevation of approximately 180-400 m above ground level, at a ground speed of approximately 40 m/s, and with a scan angle set from 80 to 280 degrees. The total survey area covers approximately 12.2 km2. The survey area was accessed by air during a flight from Cordova Municipal Airport to Merrill Field Airport in Anchorage. Data were collected from 5:30 pm to 6:10 pm (AKST). The weather was partly cloudy with no wind. For a base station occupation to later correct survey flightlines, we relied on data from a continuously operating GNSS station maintained by the Alaska Earthquake Center (AEC) and located on the ridgetop west of Barry Arm. Process_Date: 20230919 Process_Step: Process_Description: Dataset processing - We processed point data in Spatial Explorer for initial filtering and multiple-time-around (MTA) disambiguation. MTA errors, corrected in this process, result from ambiguous interpretations of received pulse time intervals and occur more frequently with higher pulse refresh rates. IMU and GNSS data were processed in Inertial Explorer, and flightline information was integrated with the point cloud in Spatial Explorer. We calibrated the point data at an incrementally precise scale of sensor movement and behavior, incorporating sensor velocity, roll, pitch, and yaw fluctuations throughout the survey. For the lidar data collection, the average pulse density is 9.4 pulses/m2, and the average pulse spacing is 32.7 cm. We created a macro (an ordered list of point classification commands tailored to this dataset) in Terrasolid software and classified points in accordance with the American Society for Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing (ASPRS) 2019 guidelines (ASPRS, 2019). Once classified, we applied a geometric transformation and converted the points from ellipsoidal heights to GEOID12B (Alaska) orthometric heights. Raster products were derived from the point cloud in ArcGIS Pro. A 20-cm DSM was interpolated from maximum ground and vegetation classes using a triangulation method. A 20-cm DTM was interpolated from all ground-class returns using a triangulation method and minimum values. We also produced a 50-cm intensity image using average binning in ArcGIS Pro, with no normalization or corrections applied. Process_Date: 2024 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: raster Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 6 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -147 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: .00000001 Ordinate_Resolution: .00000001 Planar_Distance_Units: Meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: NAD83 (2011) Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101 Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition: Altitude_System_Definition: Altitude_Datum_Name: NAVD88, GEOID12B Altitude_Resolution: 0.500000 Altitude_Distance_Units: meters Altitude_Encoding_Method: Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: boundaries Entity_Type_Definition: A boundary, also known as an Area of Interest (AOI) or border, that defines the area covered by the data. Also includes footprints for tiled data. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: boundaries Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: classified_points Entity_Type_Definition: Classified point cloud data are provided in LAZ format. Data are classified following ASPRS 2019 guidelines and contain return and intensity information. For classified ground points, the average point density is 4.8 pts/m2, and the average spacing is 45.5 cm. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: classified_points Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: dsm Entity_Type_Definition: The DSM represents surface elevations, including heights of vegetation. The DSM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 20-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38 (32-bit, floating-point minimum). Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: dsm Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: dtm Entity_Type_Definition: The DTM represents bare earth elevations, excluding vegetation. The DTM is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 20-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: dtm Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: lidar_intensity Entity_Type_Definition: The lidar intensity image describes the relative amplitude of reflected signals contributing to the point cloud. Lidar intensity is: (1) primarily a function of scanned object reflectance in relation to the signal frequency, (2) dependent on ambient conditions, and (3) not necessarily consistent between separate scans. The intensity image is a single-band, 32-bit GeoTIFF file of 50-cm resolution. No Data value is set to -3.40282306074e+38. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: lidar_intensity Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Contact_Instructions: Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible. Resource_Description: RDF 2025-8 Distribution_Liability: The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Standard_Order_Process: Non-digital_Form: DGGS publications are available as free online downloads or you may purchase paper hard-copies or digital files on CD/DVD or other digital storage media by mail, phone, fax, or email from the DGGS Fairbanks office. To purchase this or other printed reports and maps, contact DGGS by phone (907-451-5020), e-mail (dggspubs@alaska.gov), or fax (907-451-5050). Payment accepted: Cash, check, money order, VISA, or MasterCard. Turnaround time is 1-2 weeks unless special arrangements are made and an express fee is paid. Shipping charge will be the actual cost of postage and will be added to the total amount due. Contact us for the exact shipping amount. Fees: Contact DGGS for current pricing Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: data Format_Version_Date: 20250626 Format_Information_Content: boundaries, classified points, dsm, dtm and lidar intensity Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.14509/31520 Fees: Free download Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20250626 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Person: Simone Montayne Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Use_Constraints: If the user has modified the data in any way they are obligated to describe the types of modifications they have performed in the supporting metadata file. User specifically agrees not to imply that changes they made were approved by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources or Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: https://dggs.alaska.gov/metadata/dggs.ext Profile_Name: dggs metadata extensions