Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Salisbury, J.B.
Publication_Date: 2018
Title: Tsunami inundation maps for Skagway and Haines, Alaska
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report and digital data
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2018-2
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 69 p., 3 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/30029
Description:
Abstract: In this report we evaluate potential tsunami hazards for the southeastern Alaska communities of Skagway and Haines and numerically model the extent of inundation from tsunami waves generated by tectonic and submarine landslide sources. We calibrate our tsunami model by numerically simulating the 2011 Tohoku, Japan tsunami at Skagway and comparing our results to instrument records. Analysis of calculated and observed water level dynamics for the 2011 event in Skagway reveals that the model underestimates the observed wave heights in the city by a factor of 1.5, likely due to complex tsunami-tide interactions. We compensate for this underestimation numerically by increasing the coseismic slip of the hypothetical tsunami sources in our models. Potential hypothetical maximum credible tsunami sources include variations of the extended 1964 rupture and megathrust earthquakes in the Prince William Sound and Alaska Peninsula regions. Local underwater landslide events in Taiya, Chilkoot, and Chilkat inlets are also considered as possible tsunamigenic scenarios. The results show that the maximum predicted wave height resulting from a tectonic tsunami is 2-3 m (7-10 ft) in Skagway and Haines, while the maximum landslide-generated tsunami may cause a runup of 15-16 m (49-52 ft). Results presented here are intended to provide guidance to local emergency management agencies in tsunami inundation assessment, evacuation planning, and public education to mitigate future tsunami hazards. Users can access the complete report and digital data from the DGGS website: http://doi.org/10.14509/30029.
Purpose: Results presented here are intended to provide guidance to local emergency management agencies in tsunami inundation assessment, evacuation planning, and public education to mitigate future tsunami hazards.
Supplemental_Information:
>max-flow-depth: Raster image depicting maximum composite flow depths over dry land. Pixel values provide the modeled depth (in meters) of maximum inundation. For each grid point, the pixel value provides the modeled depth of water (in meters) over previously dry land, representing the maximum depth value of all calculated tsunami scenarios.
>max-inundation: Estimated, "maximum credible scenario" inundation line(s) that encompasses the maximum extent of flooding based on model simulation of all credible source scenarios and historical observations. The maximum credible scenario inundation lines are intended to be utilized as a basis for local tsunami hazard planning and development of evacuation maps.
>scenarios-haines: Collection of shapefiles that depict the modeled potential maximum inundation by tsunami waves for each Haines modeled scenario. Detailed information about each scenario can be found in the accompanying report.
>scenarios-skagway: Collection of shapefiles that depict the modeled potential maximum inundation by tsunami waves for each Skagway modeled scenario. Detailed information about each scenario can be found in the accompanying report.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 2013
Ending_Date: 2017
Currentness_Reference: publication date
Status:
Progress: complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -135.573580
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -135.290000
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.493852
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.080200
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Theme_Keyword: Active Fault
Theme_Keyword: Bathymetry
Theme_Keyword: Coastal
Theme_Keyword: Coastal and River
Theme_Keyword: Earthquake
Theme_Keyword: Earthquake Related Slope Failure
Theme_Keyword: Emergency Preparedness
Theme_Keyword: Engineering
Theme_Keyword: Engineering Geology
Theme_Keyword: Environmental
Theme_Keyword: Fault Displacement
Theme_Keyword: Faulting
Theme_Keyword: Faults
Theme_Keyword: Flood
Theme_Keyword: Geologic
Theme_Keyword: Geologic Hazards
Theme_Keyword: Geological Process
Theme_Keyword: Geology
Theme_Keyword: Geotechnical
Theme_Keyword: Hazards
Theme_Keyword: Inundation
Theme_Keyword: Land Subsidence
Theme_Keyword: Landslide
Theme_Keyword: Marine Geology
Theme_Keyword: Modeling
Theme_Keyword: Neotectonics
Theme_Keyword: Seismic Hazards
Theme_Keyword: Slides
Theme_Keyword: Slope
Theme_Keyword: Slope Instability
Theme_Keyword: Slump
Theme_Keyword: Subsidence
Theme_Keyword: Surface
Theme_Keyword: Tectonics
Theme_Keyword: Tides
Theme_Keyword: Topography
Theme_Keyword: Tsunami
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Place_Keyword: Anchorage Point
Place_Keyword: Battery Point
Place_Keyword: Chilkat Inlet
Place_Keyword: Chilkat Peninsula
Place_Keyword: Chilkoot Inlet
Place_Keyword: Dalasuga Island
Place_Keyword: Dayehas Creek
Place_Keyword: Deshu Isthmus
Place_Keyword: Dyea Point
Place_Keyword: False Battery Point
Place_Keyword: Ferebee River
Place_Keyword: Ferebee Valley
Place_Keyword: Glacier Point
Place_Keyword: Green Point
Place_Keyword: Haines
Place_Keyword: Haska Creek
Place_Keyword: Indian Rock
Place_Keyword: Jenkins Rock
Place_Keyword: Kalhagu Cove
Place_Keyword: Kaskulu Point
Place_Keyword: Katzehin River
Place_Keyword: Kelgaya Bay
Place_Keyword: Kelgaya Point
Place_Keyword: Kochu Island
Place_Keyword: Lehunua Island
Place_Keyword: Lehunua Point
Place_Keyword: Letnikof Cove
Place_Keyword: Lily Lake
Place_Keyword: Low Point
Place_Keyword: Ludaseska Creek
Place_Keyword: Lutak Inlet
Place_Keyword: McClellan Flats
Place_Keyword: Mink Creek
Place_Keyword: Mount Riley Trail
Place_Keyword: Mount Ripinski
Place_Keyword: Nahku Bay
Place_Keyword: Nahku Portage
Place_Keyword: Nukdik Point
Place_Keyword: Paradise Cove
Place_Keyword: Port Chilkoot
Place_Keyword: Portage Cove
Place_Keyword: Pyramid Harbor
Place_Keyword: Rustabach Lake
Place_Keyword: Seduction Point Trail
Place_Keyword: Shiyi Bay
Place_Keyword: Skagway
Place_Keyword: Skagway River
Place_Keyword: Smugglers Cove
Place_Keyword: Taiya Point
Place_Keyword: Taiya River
Place_Keyword: Taiyasanka Harbor
Place_Keyword: Tanani Bay
Place_Keyword: Tanani Beach
Place_Keyword: Tanani Point
Place_Keyword: Tanani Village
Place_Keyword: Tlegu Beach
Place_Keyword: Yakutania Point
Place_Keyword: Yindastuki
Temporal:
Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: Walker, J.D., Geissman, J.W., Bowring, S.A, and Babcock, L.E., comp., 2012, Geologic Time Scale v. 4.0: Geological Society of America
Temporal_Keyword: Holocene
Access_Constraints: This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below).
Use_Constraints: This dataset includes results of numerical modeling of earthquake-generated tsunami waves for a specific community. Modeling was completed using the best information and tsunami modeling software available at the time of analysis. They are numerical solutions and, while they are believed to be accurate, their ultimate accuracy during an actual tsunami will depend on the specifics of earth deformations, on-land construction, tide level, and other parameters at the time of the tsunami. Actual areas of inundation may differ from areas shown in this dataset. Landslide tsunami sources may not be included in the modeling due to unknown potential impact of such events on a given community; please refer to accompanying report for more information on tsunami sources used for this study. The limits of inundation shown should only be used as a general guideline for emergency planning and response action in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for any other use, including land-use regulation or actuarial purposes. Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product.
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Contact_Position: Metadata Manager
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 3354 College Road
City: Fairbanks
State_or_Province: AK
Postal_Code: 99709-3707
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Data_Set_Credit: This report was funded by Award NA16NWS4670030 by a National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program grant to Alaska Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management and University of Alaska Fairbanks from the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This does not constitute an endorsement by NOAA. Numerical calculations for this work were supported by High Performance Computing (HPC) resources at the Research Computing Systems unit at the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Thoughtful reviews by Stephan Grilli (University of Rhode Island) and Richard Koehler (University of Nevada) improved the report.
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Hansen, R.A.
Originator: Combellick, R.A.
Originator: Carver, G.A.
Publication_Date: 2002
Title: Tsunami hazard maps of the Kodiak area, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2002-1
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 16 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:12,500
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/2860
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Combellick, R.A.
Originator: Marriott, D.
Originator: Hansen, R.A.
Originator: Venturato, A.J.
Originator: Newman, J.C.
Publication_Date: 2005
Title: Tsunami hazard maps of the Homer and Seldovia areas, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2005-2
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 28 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:12,500
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/14474
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: West, D.A.
Originator: Combellick, R.A.
Originator: Hansen, R.A.
Publication_Date: 2010
Title: Tsunami inundation maps of Seward and northern Resurrection Bay, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2010-1
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 47 p., 3 sheets, scale 1:12,500
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/21001
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Combellick, R.A.
Originator: Hansen, R.A.
Publication_Date: 2011
Title: Tsunami inundation maps of Whittier and western Passage Canal, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2011-7
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 65 p., 4 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/23244
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Wolken, G.J.
Originator: Combellick, R.A.
Originator: Hansen, E.
Publication_Date: 2011
Title: APPENDIX B: Potential rockfall-generated tsunami at Whittier, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2011-7A
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: p. 57-65
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/23283
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Haeussler, P.J.
Originator: Ryan, H.F.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Originator: Combellick, R.A.
Originator: Hansen, R.A.
Publication_Date: 2013
Title: Tsunami inundation maps of Port Valdez, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2013-1
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 77 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:12,500
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/25055
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2013
Title: Tsunami inundation maps of Sitka, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2013-3
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 76 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:12,500
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/26671
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2014
Title: Tsunami inundation maps of Cordova and Tatitlek, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2014-1
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 49 p., 2 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/27241
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2014
Title: Tsunami inundation maps of the villages of Chenega Bay and northern Sawmill Bay, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2014-3
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 50 p., 7 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29126
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2015
Title: Tsunami inundation maps of Elfin Cove, Gustavus, and Hoonah, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2015-1
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 79 p., 3 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29404
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Freymueller, J.T.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2015
Title: Tsunami inundation maps of Fox Islands communities, including Dutch Harbor and Akutan, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2015-5
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 67 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:12,500
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29414
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Originator: Freymueller, J.T.
Originator: Macpherson, A.E.
Publication_Date: 2016
Title: Tsunami inundation maps for King Cove and Cold Bay communities, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2016-1
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 73 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:12,500
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29565
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2016
Title: Tsunami inundation maps for Yakutat, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2016-2
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 47 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:10,000
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29577
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2016
Title: Tsunami inundation map for the village of Nikolski, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2016-7
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 34 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:12,500
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29674
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2016
Title: Tsunami inundation maps for the communities of Chignik and Chignik Lagoon, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2016-8
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 48 p., 2 sheets, scale 1:12,500
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29675
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Originator: Salisbury, J.B.
Publication_Date: 2017
Title: Regional tsunami hazard assessment for Andreanof Islands, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2017-2
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 19 p., 2 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29704
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2017
Title: Tsunami inundation maps for the city of Sand Point, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2017-3
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 61 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:15,000
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29706
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Freymueller, J.T.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2017
Title: Potential maximum permanent flooding maps for Unalaska and Akutan, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2015-5A
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 2 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29728
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2017
Title: Updated tsunami inundation maps of the Kodiak area, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2017-8
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 38 p., 10 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29740
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Originator: Salisbury, J.B.
Publication_Date: 2017
Title: Tsunami inundation maps for Juneau, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2017-9
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 66 p., 5 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29741
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2017
Title: Potential maximum permanent flooding maps for Chenega, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2014-3A
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 1 sheet, scale 1:3,500
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29751
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Koehler, R.D.
Publication_Date: 2017
Title: Potential maximum permanent flooding maps for the communities of Chignik and Chignik Lagoon, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2016-8A
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 2 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/29753
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Salisbury, J.B.
Publication_Date: 2018
Title: Tsunami inundation maps for Skagway and Haines, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2018-2
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 69 p., 3 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/30029
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Suleimani, E.N.
Originator: Nicolsky, D.J.
Originator: Salisbury, J.B.
Publication_Date: 2018
Title: Updated tsunami inundation maps for Homer and Seldovia, Alaska
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Report of Investigation
Issue_Identification: RI 2018-5
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Other_Citation_Details: 97 p., 4 sheets
Online_Linkage: http://doi.org/10.14509/30095
Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The maps showing the results of our modeling have been completed using the best information available and are believed to be accurate, however, their preparation required many assumptions. We described several scenarios and provide an estimate of maximum credible tsunami inundation. Actual conditions during a tsunami event may vary from those considered, so the accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The limits of inundation shown should be used only as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual areas inundated will depend on specifics of the earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and they may differ from areas shown on the map. The information on this map is intended to provide a basis for state and local agencies to plan emergency evacuation and tsunami response actions in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for land-use regulation or building-code development. This DGGS Report of Investigations is a final report of scientific research. Several scientists familiar with the subject matter provided technical reviews. Uncertainties associated with the depiction or interpretation of various features are discussed in the manuscript.
Logical_Consistency_Report: Model validation for this report included comparison of the modeled results to observations that were recorded during historic events.
Completeness_Report: The results of our modeling have been completed using the best information available and are believed to be accurate; however, their preparation required many assumptions and actual conditions during a tsunami event may vary from those considered.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The hydrodynamic model used to calculate propagation and runup of tsunami waves is a nonlinear, flux-formulated, shallow-water model that has passed the validation and verification tests required for models used in production of tsunami inundation maps. The uncertainties in tsunami modeling include bottom friction, presence or absence of buildings and vegetation in DEMs, the time delay between the observed and computed tsunami arrivals discussed above, the lack of horizontal deformation in the displacement models, and assumption of instantaneous displacement. The tsunami scenarios that we calculate in this report are considered to be sufficient to capture the worst-case tsunami event, but there are still an infinite number of possible slip distributions. Further details about the limitations of the employed modeling approach are described in earlier reports by Suleimani and others and Nicolsky and others, as well as in National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program guidelines. The accuracy of the later waves is limited by the accuracies of the bathymetry and coastline that are outside the extent of the high-resolution DEM but still impact the modeling. See accompanying report for more detail.
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The vertical accuracy of the inundation modeling is dependent on the accuracy and resolution of the digital elevation models (DEMs) and tidal datum values that were used to compile the computational grid. We provide additional details about DEM and grid development in the accompanying report. Prior to scenario modeling, bathymetric data were shifted to use Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) as the vertical datum. The depths of inundation shown should be used only as a guideline for emergency planning and response action. Actual inundation water depth will depend on specifics of the earth deformations, on-land construction, and tide level, and they may differ from areas shown by this data. The information is intended to permit state and local agencies to plan emergency evacuation and tsunami response actions in the event of a major tsunamigenic earthquake. These results are not intended for land-use regulation or building-code development. For additional information please reference the sources of errors and uncertainties section of the associated manuscript.
Lineage:
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Model validation - The numerical model that we used for simulation of tsunami wave propagation and runup was validated through a set of analytical benchmarks and tested against laboratory data. The model solves water equations using a finite-difference method on a staggered grid. See the accompanying report for more detail and additional model information.
Process_Date: 2011
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Development of nested grids - To support inundation modeling of coastal areas in Alaska, we used a series of nested telescoping grids, or digital elevation models (DEMs), as input layers for tsunami inundation modeling and mapping. These grids of increasing resolution allowed us to propagate waves generated by various sources to Haines and Skagway. In order to propagate a wave from its source to various coastal locations, we used embedded grids, placing a large, coarse grid in deep water and coupling it with smaller, finer grids in shallow water areas. The extent of each grid used for our tsunami inundation mapping is listed in the accompanying report. See Methodology and Data section of the accompanying report for more detail and additional grid development source information.
Process_Date: 2014
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Model verification - To estimate tsunami propagation and runup in the Haines and Skagway area, we verified our model against the observed tsunami generated by the March 11, 2011, Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake in Japan.
Process_Date: 2016
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Numerical simulations of hypothetical tsunami scenarios - We assessed hazard related to tectonic tsunamis in Haines and Skagway by performing model simulations for each hypothetical source scenario. Numerical results for each scenario include extent of inundation, sea level and velocity time series calculations, tsunami flow depth over land, and the maximum water level above the MHHW tide level offshore and within the potential inundation area. We create raster files of model results. For each grid point, the pixel value provides the modeled depth of water (in meters). See the accompanying report for more detail and additional information.
Process_Date: 2016
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Calculation of the potential inundation lines - For each grid cell in the high-resolution DEMs Haines and Skagway, we determined whether the cell was inundated by waves or stayed dry throughout the entire simulation. Then, we defined a function such that it is equal to one at the center of each wet cell and is negative one at the center of each dry cell. Using a linear interpolation algorithm in Matlab, we plotted a zero-value contour that delineates dry and wet cells from each other. The resultant contour line (or a collection of lines) was directly exported to the ArcGIS using WGS84 datum.
Process_Date: 2017
Process_Step:
Process_Description: Compilation of composite maximum inundation zone, flow depths over land, and water level above the MHHW tide level offshore and within the potential inundation area - We interpret the maximum, geologically credible, worst case scenario by combining the maximum calculated inundation of all scenarios. See the accompanying report for more detail and additional information.
Process_Date: 2017
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: vector
Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Geographic:
Latitude_Resolution: .000001
Longitude_Resolution: .000001
Geographic_Coordinate_Units: decimal degrees
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: World Geodetic System of 1984
Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 84
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257223563000025
Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Depth_System_Definition:
Depth_Datum_Name: Mean Higher High Water
Depth_Resolution: 1
Depth_Distance_Units: meter
Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: max-flow-depth
Entity_Type_Label: ri2018-2-max-flow-depth-haines.tif, ri2018-2-max-flow-depth-skagway.tif
Entity_Type_Definition: Raster image depicting maximum composite flow depths over dry land. Pixel values provide the modeled depth (in meters) of maximum inundation. For each grid point, the pixel value provides the modeled depth of water (in meters) over previously dry land, representing the maximum depth value of all calculated tsunami scenarios. File format: GeoTIFF
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: max-inundation
Entity_Type_Label: ri2018-2-max-inundation-haines.shp, ri2018-2-max-inundation-skagway.shp
Entity_Type_Definition: Estimated, "maximum credible scenario" inundation line(s) that encompasses the maximum extent of flooding based on model simulation of all credible source scenarios and historical observations. The maximum credible scenario inundation lines are intended to be utilized as a basis for local tsunami hazard planning and development of evacuation maps. File format: shapefile
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: scenarios-haines
Entity_Type_Label: ri2018-2-scenario-01m-haines.shp, ri2018-2-scenario-04m-haines.shp, ri2018-2-scenario-10-haines.shp, ri2018-2-scenario-11-haines.shp, ri2018-2-scenario-12-haines.shp, ri2018-2-scenario-13-haines.shp
Entity_Type_Definition: Collection of shapefiles that depict the modeled potential maximum inundation by tsunami waves for each Haines modeled scenario. Detailed information about each scenario can be found in the accompanying report. File format: shapefile
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Information Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: scenarios-skagway
Entity_Type_Label: ri2018-2-max-inundation-skagway.shp, ri2018-2-scenario-01m-skagway.shp, ri2018-2-scenario-04m-skagway.shp, ri2018-2-scenario-09-skagway.shp
Entity_Type_Definition: Collection of shapefiles that depict the modeled potential maximum inundation by tsunami waves for each Skagway modeled scenario. Detailed information about each scenario can be found in the accompanying report. File format: shapefile
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Alaska Earthquake Information Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, this report
Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Contact_Position: Metadata Manager
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 3354 College Road
City: Fairbanks
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Postal_Code: 99709-3707
Country: USA
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Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050
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Resource_Description: RI 2018-2
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Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: Shapefiles, Raster data
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name: http://doi.org/10.14509/30029
Fees: Free download
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20181120
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Person: Simone Montayne
Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys
Contact_Position: Metadata Manager
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 3354 College Road
City: Fairbanks
State_or_Province: AK
Postal_Code: 99709-3707
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov
Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
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