Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Hudson, Travis Originator: Plafker, George Originator: Rubin, Meyer Publication_Date: 2022 Title: Tectonic controls on marine terrace origin and character in the Lituya Bay area, eastern Gulf of Alaska Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: table Series_Information: Series_Name: Report of Investigation Issue_Identification: RI 2022-4 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Fairbanks, Alaska, United States Publisher: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Other_Citation_Details: 27 p. Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.14509/30903 Description: Abstract: Tectonic controls on marine terrace origin and character in the Lituya Bay area, eastern Gulf of Alaska, Report of Investigation 2022-4, presents radiocarbon data collected from deformed terraces along 65 km of the coast between Fairweather Glacier and Icy Point in the Lituya Bay area of the eastern Gulf of Alaska. From Fairweather Glacier to Lituya Bay one prominent terrace flanks the coastal mountain front, and isolated remnants of a lower, younger terrace occur landward of a wide prograded coastal plain. From Lituya Bay to Crillon River a sequence of five well-developed terraces bevel the coastal foothills. From Finger Glacier to Icy Point four terraces and the possible remnants of a fifth occur. The terraces form an arch with an axis of maximum uplift near La Perouse Glacier. The deformation is progressively greater in the older terraces and shoreline angle relief on the highest terrace is 100 m or more. The terraces are of Pleistocene and Holocene age. The oldest terrace studied is not well dated but the next oldest may have formed during the post-Wisconsin sea level rise. The three Holocene terraces probably formed about 3,500 (3,990-2,960 cal yr BP), 1,000, and 500 years ago. Ongoing uplift and arching of the coastal zone may mark renewal of mid-Pleistocene folding, but Holocene uplift has taken place as discrete events that were probably accompanied by earthquakes. At least five uplift events have taken place between Lituya Bay and Icy Point in the past 3,000 to 4,000 years, which imply an average recurrence interval of ~500 years. Because recurrence of events that uplifted the terraces is distinctly longer than the average earthquake recurrence interval for the nearby Fairweather fault, coastal uplift may occur independently. The Finger Glacier fault displaces the Holocene terraces and may be a developing link between the onshore and offshore segments of the Fairweather fault. Sample descriptions, locations, and types are included in the analytical data table. The data are available from the DGGS website: http://doi.org/10.14509/30903. Purpose: This study was implemented to determine the distribution, morphologic character, and age of the Lituya Bay terraces. This work highlights the role of tectonic processes in developing and changing coastal features of the Lituya Bay area Supplemental_Information: >c14-data: radiocarbon data Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: 1970 Ending_Date: 2022 Currentness_Reference: publication date Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -137.810000 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -137.450000 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 58.747780 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 58.547500 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Theme_Keyword: Coastal Theme_Keyword: Coastal Plain Theme_Keyword: Coastal and River Theme_Keyword: DGGS Theme_Keyword: Debris Flow Theme_Keyword: Debris Flow Deposit Theme_Keyword: Deepwater Depositional System Theme_Keyword: Earthquake Theme_Keyword: Earthquake Related Slope Failure Theme_Keyword: Fault Displacement Theme_Keyword: Faulting Theme_Keyword: Faults Theme_Keyword: Marine Theme_Keyword: Marine Geology Theme_Keyword: Tectonics Theme_Keyword: Terrace Theme_Keyword: Tsunami Theme_Keyword: Uplift Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Place_Keyword: Cape Yakataga Place_Keyword: Eagle Creek Place_Keyword: Fairweather Glacier Place_Keyword: Finger Glacier Place_Keyword: Gulf of Alaska Place_Keyword: Lituya Bay Place_Keyword: Portage Creek Stratum: Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Stratum_Keyword: Cenotaph Volcanics Stratum_Keyword: Topsy Formation Stratum_Keyword: Yakataga Formation Temporal: Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: Walker, J.D., Geissman, J.W., Bowring, S.A, and Babcock, L.E., comp., 2012, Geologic Time Scale v. 4.0: Geological Society of America Temporal_Keyword: Holocene Temporal_Keyword: Miocene Temporal_Keyword: Pleistocene Temporal_Keyword: Tertiary Access_Constraints: This report, map, and/or dataset is available directly from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (see contact information below). Use_Constraints: Any hard copies or published datasets utilizing these datasets shall clearly indicate their source. If the user has modified the data in any way, the user is obligated to describe the types of modifications the user has made. The user specifically agrees not to misrepresent these datasets, nor to imply that changes made by the user were approved by the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. The State of Alaska makes no express or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Contact_Instructions: Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible. Data_Set_Credit: At the time of this study, Daniel Mann provided several useful discussions of the history of the Lituya Bay area, Ian Worley kindly shared some unpublished data on the distribution of the terraces, and Dorothy Fisher, Susan Karl, and William Pickthorn assisted in various stages of the field work. Russel G. Tysdal was an important part of the peat-coring team. Fieldwork was completed in 1975 and 1978 and we benefited greatly from the guidance and review comments on our original manuscript provided by Ken Lajoie in 1981. In the 1990s, Mary and Irv Tailleur saved us a lot of retyping time by providing an electronic copy of the original manuscript. This report would not have been resurrected from cardboard boxes on a garage shelf without the support and help of Marti L. Miller, Robert C. Witter, and Adrian Bender. Marti supported all of our efforts to update, revise, and publish the report. Robert provided excellent guidance, editing, and review as well as calibration of the original C-14 dates. Adrian was instrumental in redoing the original line drawings and adapting them to a geographic information system using 5-m resolution elevation data. The evolved manuscript benefited from helpful reviews provided by Harvey Kelsey, Frederic H. Wilson, and Marti L. Miller. Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: The errors reported include the one-sigma statistical counting errors and an error multiplier of three (except in the three determinations where the error is listed as less than 100 years). Calibrated ages are calculated using OxCal (version 4.2.4, Ramsey [2009]; 95 percent probability distribution at 2 sigma) with the IntCal13 dataset of Reimer and others (2013) and are reported in solar years to the nearest decade. The data and interpretations have been reviewed by several scientists familiar with the geologic context. Logical_Consistency_Report: Not applicable Completeness_Report: This data release is complete. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Samples were collected in 1975 and 1978. Locations were identified using 1:63,360 topographic maps, 1:20,000-scale aerial photographs, and surveying altimeters calibrated to sea-level at the beginning and end of each traverse. Sample locations were plotted on 1:63,360 topographic maps and geographic coordinates were calculated using GIS software. The location error is likely in the range of 100 meters. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Hofstra, A.H. Originator: Kreiner, D.C. Publication_Date: 2020 Title: Systems-deposits-commodities-critical minerals table for the earth mapping resources initiative Series_Information: Series_Name: Open-File Report Issue_Identification: OF 2022-1042 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: United States Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Other_Citation_Details: 24 p Online_Linkage: https://dggs.alaska.gov/pubs/id/30874 Type_of_Source_Media: report Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2020 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Hofstra, A.H. and Kreiner, D.C., 2020 Source_Contribution: data compilation Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Geological Survey Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF) Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Unknown Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://ardf.wr.usgs.gov Type_of_Source_Media: report Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2018 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: U.S. Geological Survey, 2018 Source_Contribution: data compilation Process_Step: Process_Description: Sample collection - Fieldwork was completed in 1975 (peat coring) and 1978, was facilitated by use of helicopter and included foot traverses across the terrace sequences and measurements of topographic profiles and spot elevations with surveying altimeters calibrated to sea-level at the beginning and end of each traverse. The field observations were combined with the study of 1:20,000-scale aerial photographs to produce maps of the terraces showing their distribution and relation to other geomorphic features. Sample locations were plotted on 1:63,360 topographic maps and geographic coordinates were calculated using GIS software. Process_Date: 2016 Process_Step: Process_Description: Carbon 14 dating - Our efforts to determine the ages of the terraces mostly involved C-14 dating of basal peat accumulations on them. The peat accumulations were sampled with a modified Livingston corer. Cores were recovered in about 1 m lengths and extruded in the field. Total length of core taken was determined by the resistance of sediment; penetration was to a depth where resistance exceeded the weight of two people. Most cores bottomed in sterile sediment, some in gravel, and a few in wood. The interval of core dated was the lowest 8 cm of organic material at the bottom of the core. If a rerun second sample was analyzed, the material came from the next highest 8 cm or of a split of the original sample where available. Material dated consisted of peat and wood as indicated in the data table. In a few cases, the peat was diluted with sufficient mineral matter to be considered an organic-rich sediment. Pretreatment of samples of peat and organic sediment consisted of boiling in acid, a quick heating in alkali solution, and a hot acid wash; each separated by distilled water rinses. Some samples were given only the acid pretreatment. Wood samples were given full pretreatment of acid, alkali, and acid. The C-14 dates were originally based on the Libby half-life (5568 +/- 30 yr.), referenced to the year A.D. 1950. The dates were not corrected for fractionation by a C-13 measurement. The errors reported include the one-sigma statistical counting errors and an error multiplier of three (except in the three determinations where the error is listed as less than 100 years). Calibrated ages are calculated using OxCal (version 4.2.4, Ramsey [2009]; 95 percent probability distribution at 2 sigma) with the IntCal13 dataset of Reimer and others (2013) and are reported in solar years to the nearest decade. Protocols and uncertainties are described and referenced in the accompanying report. Process_Date: 2013 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: point Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: .0000001 Longitude_Resolution: .0000001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: NAD27 Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866 Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.4 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.9786982 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: ri2022-004-c14-data.csv, ri2022-004-c14-data-dictionary.csv Entity_Type_Definition: radiocarbon data Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS, DGGS Entity_Attribute_Layer_Name: c14-data Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Contact_Position: Metadata Manager Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical Address: 3354 College Road City: Fairbanks State_or_Province: AK Postal_Code: 99709-3707 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (907)451-5020 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (907)451-5050 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: dggspubs@alaska.gov Hours_of_Service: 8 am to 4:30 pm, Monday through Friday, except State holidays Contact_Instructions: Please view our website (https://www.dggs.alaska.gov) for the latest information on available data. Please contact us using the e-mail address provided above when possible. Resource_Description: RI 2022-4 Distribution_Liability: The State of Alaska makes no expressed or implied warranties (including warranties for merchantability and fitness) with respect to the character, functions, or capabilities of the electronic data or products or their appropriateness for any user's purposes. In no event will the State of Alaska be liable for any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or other damages suffered by the user or any other person or entity whether from the use of the electronic services or products or any failure thereof or otherwise. In no event will the State of Alaska's liability to the Requestor or anyone else exceed the fee paid for the electronic service or product. 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User specifically agrees not to imply that changes they made were approved by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources or Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. Metadata_Extensions: Online_Linkage: https://dggs.alaska.gov/metadata/dggs.ext Profile_Name: dggs metadata extensions